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简介：Integrityofthemembranouslabyrinthbarriersystemisofcriticalimportance,whichpromotesinnerearhomeostasisandmaintainsitsfeatures.Themembranouslabyrinthbarriersystemisdividedintoseveralsubsetsofbarrierswhich,althoughindependentfromeachother,areinterrelated.Thesamesubstancemaydemonstratedifferentpermeabilitycharacteristicsthroughdifferentbarriersandunderdifferentconditions,whiledifferentsubstancescanhavedifferentpermeabilityfeatureseveninthesamebarrierunderthesamecondition.Allpartsofthemembranouslabyrinthbarrierstructure,includingtheirmorphology,enzymesandchannelproteins,andtheirspermeabilitycharacteristicsundervariousphysiologicalandpathologicalconditionsarereviewedinthispaper.Infections,noiseexposure,ototoxicitymayallincreasepermeabilityofthebarriersandleadtodisturbancesininnerearhomeostasis.

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简介：WederivedrevisedeffectivediffusionenergybarriersfollowingtheBoltzmanndistributionassumptionforimpurityatomsinabulkmaterialundertheimpactofvariouskindsofpointdefectstorevealtheinsightsofmigrationmechanisms.Theeffectivediffusionenergybarriersofcopperimpuritiesinbulkzirconiumwerecalculatedthroughthefirstprinciplemethodunderthepresentedhypothesis.Ourresults(?E||=1.27eV,?E⊥=1.31eV)agreedwellwiththeexperimentalresults(?E||=1.54eV,?E⊥=1.60eV),whichvalidatedbulkdiffusionasthemajormechanismforcopperdiffusioninzirconium.Theeffectivediffusionenergybarrierscouldbeusedforestimatingwhetherthedefectswillacceleratethediffusionorslowthemdownbyactingastrapsoftheimpurityatoms.Ontheotherhand,thefirstprincipleresultsoftheimpuritydiffusionviadefectscouldbefurtherusedasinputsoflargerscalecomputationalsimulations,suchasMC(MonteCarlo)orPhaseFieldcalculations.

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简介：Thispaperexplains,withconcreteexamples,thatthenon-verbalbarriersalsoobstructstudents’correctunderstandingoflisteningmaterials,andana-lyzestheproblemsresultingfromstudentslackofcul-turalknowledgeofthetargetlanguage.Suggestionsareofferedtohelpstudentshaveabetterunderstand-ingbyintroducingtheoriginofEnglishwords,intro-ducingtheculturaltraitsofnativespeakers,theircustomsandintroducetherelativeculturalknowledgetopromotestudents’comprehensionofthetargetlan-guage.

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简介：Thereareseveralchallengestoinnereardrugdeliveryandimagingduetotheexistenceoftightbiologicalbarrierstothetargetstructureandthedensebonesurroundingit.Advancesinimagingandnanomedicinemayprovideknowledgeforovercomingtheexistinglimitationstoboththediagnosisandtreatmentofinnereardiseases.Noveltechniqueshaveimprovedtheefficacyofdrugdeliveryandtargetingtotheinnerear,aswellasthequalityandaccuracyofimagingthisstructure.Inthisreview,wewilldescribethepathwaysandbiologicalbarriersoftheinnerearregardingdrugdelivery,thebeneficialapplicationsandlimitationsoftheimagingtechniquesavailableforinnerearresearch,thebehaviorofengineerednanomaterialsininnerearapplications,andfutureperspectivesfornanomedicine-basedinnerearimaging.

简介：EconomiccooperationisanimportantfoundationanddevelopmentareafortheShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO).Overthepast17years,theSCOhasmadesignificantprogressinregionaleconomiccooperation,butithasalsoencounteredmanyspecificdifficulties.TheexpansionoftheSCOmembershipin2017broughtopportunitiestoregionaleconomiccooperation.Standingatthisnewhistoricstartingpoint,theSCOshouldmakefulluseofvariousfavorableconditions,workhardtoovercomethenegativeinfluenceofinternalandexternalunfavorablefactors,strengthensolidarityandcooperation,solveproblemsthathinderdevelopment,andpromoteanewlevelofeconomiccooperation.

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