简介：SincePresidentObamaannouncedthePrecisionMedicineInitiativeintheUnitedStates,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoprecisionmedicine.However,clinicianshavealreadyusedittotreatconditionssuchascancer.Manycardiovasculardiseaseshaveafamilialpresentation,andgeneticvariantsareassociatedwiththeprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseases,whicharethebasisforprovidingprecisecaretopatientswithcardiovasculardiseases.Large-scalecohortsandmultiomicsarecriticalcomponentsofprecisionmedicine.Herewesummarizetheapplicationofprecisionmedicinetocardiovasculardiseasesbasedoncohortandomicstudies,andhopetoelicitdiscussionaboutfuturehealthcare.

简介：Somehavesuggestedtheterm“Precision”medicinereplace“Personalized”medicine.Idon’tlikeeithertermandI’lltellyouwhy.WhatisPrecision?ThewordPrecisioncanbedefinedsimplyasreproducibilityanddoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthediagnosisisaccurate.Thus,ifthemedicaldecisionisprecisebutnotnecessarilyaccurateitisnotveryuseful.Accuracyisdefinedasbeingneartothetrueordesiredvalue.e.g.consideratargetonariflerange;iftheshotshaveatightgroupinganywhereonthetarget,theyareprecisebuttheyareonlypreciseandaccurateifthattightgroupingisintheBull’seye.

简介：AbstractOver the last 20 years, it has become possible to use a precision medicine approach to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical and physiological features as well as a blood biomarker can be used to target treatments to patients most likely to benefit and avoid treatment in patients less likely to benefit. Future advances in a precision medicine approach to COPD will depend on more precise characterization of individual patients, possibly using quantitative imaging, new physiological techniques, novel biomarkers and genetic profiling. Precision medicine has led to significant improvements in the management of COPD and clinicians should use all available information to optimize the treatment of individual patients.

简介：AbstractImmunotherapies targeting cancer neoantigens are safe, effective, and precise. Neoantigens can be identified mainly by genomic techniques such as next-generation sequencing and high-throughput single-cell sequencing; proteomic techniques such as mass spectrometry; and bioinformatics tools based on high-throughput sequencing data, mass spectrometry data, and biological databases. Neoantigen-related therapies are widely used in clinical practice and include neoantigen vaccines, neoantigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and neoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells. In addition, neoantigens can be used as biomarkers to assess immunotherapy response, resistance, and prognosis. Therapies based on neoantigens are an important and promising branch of cancer immunotherapy. Unremitting efforts are needed to unravel the comprehensive role of neoantigens in anti-tumor immunity and to extend their clinical application. This review aimed to summarize the progress in neoantigen research and to discuss its opportunities and challenges in precision cancer immunotherapy.

简介：Currentlytheclinicalmanagementofbreastcancerreliesonrelativelyfewprognostic/predictiveclinicalmarkers(estrogenreceptor,progesteronereceptor,HER2),basedonprimarytumorbiology.Circulatingbiomarkers,suchascirculatingtumorDNA(ctDNA)orcirculatingtumorcells(CTCs)mayenhanceourtreatmentoptionsbyfocusingontheverycellsthatarethedirectprecursorsofdistantmetastaticdisease,andprobablyinherentlydifferentthantheprimarytumor'sbiology.Toshiftthecurrentclinicalparadigm,assessingtumorbiologyinrealtimebymolecularlyprofilingCTCsorctDNAmayservetodiscovertherapeutictargets,detectminimalresidualdiseaseandpredictresponsetotreatment.Thisreviewservestoelucidatethedetection,characterization,andclinicalapplicationofCTCsandctDNAwiththegoalofprecisiontreatmentofbreastcancer.

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简介：Precisionmedicineaimstoidentifytherightdrug,fortherightpatient,attherightdose,attherighttime,whichisparticularlyimportantincancertherapy.Problemssuchasthevariabilityoftreatmentresponseandresistancetomedicationhavebeenlongstandingchallengesinoncology,especiallyfordevelopmentofnewmedications.Solidtumors,unlikehematologicmalignanciesorbraintumors,areremarkablydiverseintheircellularoriginsanddevelopmentaltiming.Theabilityofnext-generationsequencing(NGS)toanalyzethecomprehensivelandscapeofgeneticalterationsbringspromisestodiseasesthathaveahighlycomplexandheterogeneousgeneticcompositionsuchascancer.HereweprovideanoverviewofhowNGSisabletofacilitateprecisionmedicineandchangetheparadigmofcancertherapy,especiallyforsolidtumors,throughtechnicaladvancements,moleculardiagnosis,responsemonitoringandclinicaltrials.

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简介：AbstractTumor biomarkers play important roles in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Imaging of specific biomarkers will help to understand different biological activities, thereby achieving precise medicine for each head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient. Here, we describe various molecular targets and molecular imaging modalities for HNSCC imaging. An extensive search was undertaken in the PubMed database with the keywords including "HNSCC," "molecular imaging," "biomarker," and "multimodal imaging." Imaging targets in HNSCC consist of the epidermal growth factor receptor, cluster of differentiation 44 variant 6 (CD44v6), and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor and integrins. Targeted molecular imaging modalities in HNSCC include optical imaging, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. Making the most of each single imaging method, targeted multimodal imaging has a great potential in the accurate diagnosis and therapy of HNSCC. By visualizing tumor biomarkers at cellular and molecular levels in vivo, targeted molecular imaging can be used to identify specific genetic and metabolic aberrations, thereby accelerating personalized treatment development for HNSCC patients.

简介：Acutemyeloidleukemia(AML)isageneticallyheterogeneousmyeloidmalignancythatoccursmorecommonlyinadults,andhasanincreasingincidence,mostlikelyduetoincreasingage.PrecisediagnosticclassificationofAMLrequiresclinicalandpathologicinformation,thelatterincludingmorphologic,immunophenotypic,cytogeneticandmoleculargeneticanalysis.RiskstratificationinAMLrequirescytogeneticsevaluationasthemostimportantpredictor,withgeneticmutationsprovidingadditionalnecessaryinformation.AMLwithnormalcytogeneticscomprisesabout40%-50%ofallAML,andhasbeenintensivelyinvestigated.Thecurrentlyused2008WorldHealthOrganizationclassificationofhematopoieticneoplasmshasbeenproposedtobeupdatedin2016,alsotoincludeanupdateontheclassificationofAML,duetothecontinuouslyincreasingapplicationofgenomictechniquesthathaveledtomajoradvancesinourknowledgeofthepathogenesisofAML.ThepurposeofthisreviewistodescribesomeoftheserecentmajoradvancesinthediagnosticclassificationandriskstratificationofAML.

简介：Next-generationsequencing(NGS)technologyiscapableofsequencingmillionsorbillionsofDNAmoleculessimultaneously.Therefore,itrepresentsapromisingtoolfortheanalysisofmoleculartargetsfortheinitialdiagnosisofdisease,monitoringofdiseaseprogression,andidentifyingthemechanismofdrugresistance.OnbehalfoftheTumorBiomarkerCommitteeoftheChineseSocietyofClinicalOncology(CSCO)andtheChinaActionableGenomeConsortium(CAGC),thepresentexpertgroupherebyproposesadvisoryguidelinesonclinicalapplicationsofNGStechnologyfortheanalysisofcancerdrivergenesforprecisioncancertherapy.Thisgroupcomprisesanassemblyoflaboratorycancergeneticists,clinicaloncologists,bioinformaticians,pathologists,andotherprofessionals.Aftermultipleroundsofdiscussionsandrevisions,theexpertgrouphasreachedapreliminaryconsensusontheneedofNGSinclinicaldiagnosis,itsregulation,andcompliancestandardsinclinicalsamplecollection.Moreover,ithaspreparedNGScriteria,thesequencingstandardoperationprocedure(SOP),dataanalysis,report,andNGSplatformcertificationandvalidation.

简介：摘要高质量的多参数MRI（mpMRI）是检出或排除临床显著性前列腺癌的关键决定因素之一。欧洲泌尿生殖放射学会和欧洲泌尿外科学会泌尿影像学分会发布的共识均强调前列腺MRI图像质量评估的重要性。前列腺MRI报告的第一步就是评估图像质量。基于11个国家25个中心的多中心随机PRECISION试验建立的前列腺癌影像质量控制评分系统，旨在促进标准化以减少mpMRI图像质量控制的差异。本文中笔者对该指南的要点进行解读。