简介：当5米以外的平行光线，在眼睛不用调节的情况下进入眼球后，正好聚焦于视网膜上，这种眼称为正视眼。

简介：人的双眼是在同一个方向面向前方的,而许多动物的眼睛是在头的两侧各一个的（比如马）。正常情况下,人眼运动是协调的,所以物体在每只眼睛的中央成像。由于双眼分开一段距离，所以物体在每只眼成的像，有微小的差别。大脑将来自双眼的像融合，形成一个有深度的三维图像。这种三维视觉（又称为立体视觉或双眼视）给我们深度知觉。这使我们可以更准确的判断距离，尤其是在物体靠近我们时。试着只睁一只眼来穿针，你就会更加体会双眼视的好处。

简介：·AIM:Toexploretheeffectofimmunizationwithcopolymer-1(COP-1)andretinalstemcells(RSCs)transplantationoninterferon-gamma(IFN-γ)levelsinaratexperimentalglaucomamodel.·METHODS:Anexperimentalglaucomawasinducedbyargonlaserphotocoagulationoftheepiscleralveinsandlimbalplexusintherighteyeofrats.Immediatelyfollowingglaucomainduction,ratswereimmunizedwithCOP-1.RSCswereculturedandtransplantedintravitreallyintotheeyesofglaucomamodelanimals1weekpost-lasertreatment.Sixexperimentalgroupswereused:COP-1/RSC,PBS/RSC,COP-1/PBS,PBS/PBS,glaucomamodelgroup,andanormalcontrolgroup.TheconcentrationofIFN-γinaqueoushumor(AH)andserumwasmeasuredbyenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)ineachofthesixgroups.Retinalganglioncell(RGC)survivalwasassessedbyquantifyingapoptosisusingHoechststaining.·RESULTS:ConcentrationsofIFN-γinAHandserumofratsthathadundergoneglaucomainductionwerehigherthanthoseofnon-inducedcontrolrats.TheconcentrationsofIFN-γinAHandserumoftheCOP-1/RSCstreatedgroupweredeterminedtobe2371.9ng/Land710.9ng/L,respectively,whichweresignificantlylowerthanthoseintheothertreatedgroups(P<0.05).Infact,IFN-γlevelsinthedualtreatedgroupwerereducedtobackgroundlevels.TheCOP-1/RSCgrouphadlowernumberofapoptoticRGCsthantheotherthreeexperimentalgroups(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:ThereducedlevelsofIFN-γinAHandserumoftheCOP-1/RSCgroupmayberelatedtosynergisticeffectsbetweenRSCstransplantationandCOP-1immunemodulation.ItislikelythatthelowerlevelsofIFN-γpreventedRGCsglaucomatousapoptosis.·

简介：内耳深居颞骨岩部，未能被直接观察到，也甚难取得其病变组织作病理学检查，故内耳疾病至今仍是未被清楚查明的一类病变。虽然影像学、功能检测和生物化学检查所得的依据可用于诊断内耳畸形、遗传、药物中毒和外伤等病因可查得的内耳疾病，但发病率高的梅尼埃病和良性阵发性位置性眩晕在著名的《Schuknecht’s耳病理学》（MerchantSN，NadolJBJr，2010，第3版）一书中仍被列在病因不明或多因性的一章中。其他如影像学明确可见的上半规管裂也被质疑是否负责同耳发生的症状。由于这类内耳疾病病因不明或可能是多因性的，因此目前对其的临床诊断和治疗仍多是推理和探索性的。

简介：·Thisisacasepresentationofaverybizarreopenglobetraumawithanteriorsegmentforeignbody-fishinghookstuckinthecorneaandiris.Complicationsduetothiskindofeyetraumamightbeveryhazardousandwithseriousimpactonvisualfunction.Wearerepresentingourapproachandexperienceofthreestepmanagementofthiskindofeyeinjury:first-extracttheforeignbody,closeandreconstructtheeyeball,second-fightinflammation,andthird-restorethevisualfunctionbycataractsurgery.·

简介：AIM:Toassesstheeffectivenessofimmunosuppressantsintheprophylaxisofcornealallograftrejectionafterhigh-riskkeratoplastyandnormal-riskkeratoplasty.METHODS:WesearchedtheCochraneCentralRegisterofControlledTrials(CENTRAL),MEDLINE,EMBASE,CNKI,VIPandreferencelistsofarticles.Dateofmostrecentsearch:18June,2011.Allrandomisedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)assessingtheuseofimmunosupressantsinthepreventionofgraftrejection,irrespectiveofpublicationlanguage.Twoauthorsassessedtrialqualityandextracteddataindependently.Onlydichotomousoutcomes(cleargraftsurvival,ratioofimmunereactionsandsideeffects)wereavailableandwereexpressedasrelativerisk(RR)and95%confidenceintervals(CI).RESULTS:Sevenstudieswereincludedinthisreview.Inthecomparingofmycophenolatemofetil(MMF)withplacebo,theresultsshowedMMFcouldsignificantlyreduceimmunereactionscomparedwithplacebo(RR1.0895%Cl0.95to1.21),butnoeffectoncleargraftsurvival(RR1.1195%Cl0.90to1.35).Incleargraftsurvivalandimmunereactions,MMFandcyclosporineA(CsA)showedsimilareffect(RR1.1195%Cl0.90to1.35,andRR1.48,95%Cl0.56to3.93,respectively).Tacrolimus(FK506)andsteroidshowedsimilareffectsoncleargraftsurvivalandimmunereactions(RR0.32,95%CI0.02to6.21,andRR1.00,95%CI0.88to1.14,respectively).Nodrugrelativesideeffecthasbeenfound.CONCLUSION:MMFmayreduceimmunereactionsinbothnormal-riskandhigh-riskrejectionofpenetratingkeratoplasty.CsAandFK506showedsimilareffectsasMMF.However,duetothelackoflargeclinicaltrials,theevidenceremainweak,thequalityofevidenceswereratedasverylowtomoderate.Large,properlyrandomised,placebo-controlled,doublemaskedtrialsareneededtoevaluatetheeffectofimmunosuppressants.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatethesideeffectsofthecommonlyusedlasertreatmentalongwithtestingtheneuroprotectiveeffectofbFGFonapotentialretinalimpairment.METHODS:Todothis,30chinchillapigmentedadultmalerabbitsweredividedintothecontrolandexperimentalgroups.ThecontrolandexperimentalgroupsunderwentbothlaserapplicationandbFGFtreatment.Theretinaltissueimpairmentanditsrenewalrateweretestedunderthelightandelectronmicroscopicallevels.RESULTS:Thefocallaserapplicationonrabbiteyescausedmorphologicalalterationsbothintheapplicationregionandintheneighbouringareas.Inthedamagedareas,theouternuclearlayeroftheneuralretinawasalmostdisappeared,retinapigmentepitheliumwasinterrupted,theretinapigmentepitheliummigratedintraretinally,andthedamagedregionalongwithneighbouringareasseemedtobenotseparated.bFGFapplicationjustafterthelaserphotocoagulation,revealedbetterresultsinapplicationareas.CONCLUSION:ItcouldbesuggestedthatthebFGFapplicationfollowinglaserphotocoagulationmighthaveprotective,repairingandwoundhealingeffectsontheretina.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheantifibroticeffectofthefreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneasadrugdeliverysystemonglaucomasurgeryinrabbitmodel.Theaimofthisstudywastoprepareanovellocaldeliverysystemforthesustainedandcontrollablereleaseof5-Fu.METHODS:Twenty-fourJapanesewhiterabbitswererandomizedintothreegroups:theexperimentalgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwith5-Fuloadedfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranetransplantation),thecontrolgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwith5-Fu)andtheblankgroup(singletrabeculectomy).HEstaining,massionstainingandimmunohistochemistryforα-SMAwereperformedondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.Theconcentrationof5-Fuinrabbitaqueoushumorwasexaminedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)3daysafterthesurgery.RESULTS:Statisticaldifferenceswerenotedinintraocularpressureamonggroupsonday7,14,21and30followingsurgery.Histologyfurtherdemonstratedthattrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneyieldedwellwoundhealingandnoscarformationandwasbeneficialforlongtermeffect.CONCLUSION:HPLCshowedagoodslow-releaseeffectwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembrane.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatetheregulationofEaf2proteininmouselenscellsapoptosisinducedbyultraviolet(UV)radiation.METHODS:AneyeofEaf2geneknockoutmiceornormalcontrolmicewasexposedtoUVradiation,andtheotheronewasnon-exposed.AlloflenseswereanalyzedbyTUNELandcaspase3activityassaystodeterminethedifferenceoftheapoptosisinducedbyUVradiation.Inaddition,exposedandnon-exposedlenseswereanalyzedbyquantifiedp53expressionandreal-timereversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)ofBax,Bid,Apaf-1,PumaandNoxa,tocompareEaf2geneknockoutmiceandnormalcontrolmice.RESULTS:UVradiationcausedapoptosisoflenscellsinnormalcontrolmiceandEaf2knockoutmice.Activityofcaspase3wassignificantlyhigherinnormalcontrolmicethanEaf2knockoutmice.Expressionofp53proteinwassignificantlyhigherinlensesexposedtoUVradiationthannonexposedlenses,butwassimilarbetweenEaf2geneknockoutmiceandnormalcontrolmiceinthesameUVcondition.AfterexposingtoUVradiation,theanalysisofreal-timeRT-PCRdemonstratedthatmRNAlevelsofPumaandNoxaweresignificantlyhigherinlensesofnormalcontrolmicethanEaf2geneknockoutmice,andthatmRNAlevelsofBax,BidandApaf-1werenotsignificantlydifferentbetweengeneknockoutmiceandnormalcontrolmice.CONCLUSION:Eaf2increaseslenscellsapoptosisinducedbyultravioletradiation.AndEaf2up-regulatesexpressionofthePumaandtheNoxatoactonlenscellsapoptosisafterUVradiation.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatethetreatmentstatusandprognosisofspace-occupyinglacrimalglandlesionsatonetertiaryeyecenterinChina.·METHODS:Aretrospectiveclinicalstudywasperformedon95patientswithspace-occupyinglesionsofthelacrimalglandsurgicallytreatedattheEye&ENTHospitalofFudanUniversityfrom2003to2007.Thereviewedclinicaldataincludedage,gender,sideofthelesion,durationofsignsandsymptoms,histopathologicaldiagnosis,treatmentmodality,recurrence(local,regional,anddistantmetastasis)andsurvival.·RESULTS:Ofthe95cases(99eyes),pleomorphicadenomaswerethemostcommonlesions(43cases),followedbylymphoiddisorders(14),inflammatorypseudotumors(11),carcinomaex-pleomorphicadenomas(11),andadenoidcysticcarcinomas(ACC,6).Therewere8patientswithrelapsedpleomorphicadenomas.Fiveofthese8caseshadmalignantpathologicalchanges.AllpatientswithACChadmetastasisandthreeofthemdiedduringtheirfollow-up.·CONCLUSION:Ourstudyindicatedthatthemostcommonlacrimalglandlesionswerepleomorphicadenomas.Multiplerecurrenceandsurgicalproceduresmayincreasetheriskoftumorprogression.ACChadahighincidenceoftumormetastasisandapoorprognosis.

简介：目的探讨运用示教与反示教在年龄相关性白内障患者滴眼药护理中的效果。方法将100例患者随机分为实验组和对照组各50例，对照组采用传统的健康教育。实验组采用示教与反示教进行健康教育。由培训过的责任护士对患者有计划地从入院到出院，给予全程、个体化的示教与反示教健康教育。结果实验组患者在滴眼药知识、技能掌握及对护理工作满意度方面优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P0．05），术后一周并发症的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈O．05）。结论运用示教与反示教对患者实施健康教育，可达到提高患者滴眼药的技能，自我效能感增加，遵医行为增强，自护能力提高，减少术后并发症，提高护理满意度。

简介：青光眼是全球第二大致盲性眼病，全球有近4亿青光眼患者，我国青光眼的患病率约为1.3%，居世界第二位，约有2300万青光眼患者。临床上青光眼导致的失明占整个眼科致盲的25%-40%，是世界上第一位不可逆性致盲性眼病。目前为止，人类尚无一种有效治疗手段能够治愈这一疾病。患者一旦出现视力下降、视物模糊、眼红眼痛等症状就需要及时就医，青光眼对视力的损害是不可逆转的，最终可能导致失明。青光眼的病理基础是眼压升高，眼压的调节功能会受到影响，视物模糊会使患者以为自己只是看花眼了。患者往往通过眼部不适症状判断自己是否患有青光眼，这是一种非常主观的判断方法。那么青光眼有哪些症状呢？

简介：AIM:Toestimatetheprevalenceandriskfactorsforvitreousfloatersinthegeneralpopulation.·METHODS:Anelectronicsurveywasadministeredthroughasmartphoneappaskingvariousdemographicandhealthquestions,includingwhetherusersexperiencefloatersintheirfieldofvision.Multivariatelogisticregressionanalysiswasusedtodetermineriskfactors.·RESULTS:Atotalof603individualscompletedthesurvey,with76%reportingthattheyseefloaters,and33%reportingthatfloaterscausednoticeableimpairmentinvision.Myopeswere3.5timesmorelikely(P=0.0004),andhyperopes4.4timesmorelikely(P=0.0069)toreportmoderatetoseverefloaterscomparedtothosewithnormalvision.Floaterprevalencewasnotsignificantlyaffectedbyrespondentage,race,gender,andeyecolor.·CONCLUSION:Vitreousfloaterswerefoundtobeaverycommonphenomenoninthisnon-clinicalgeneralpopulationsample,andmorelikelytobeimpairinginmyopesandhyperopes.

简介：AIM:Tostudyclinicalfeaturesandgenemutationswithinthepaired-likehomeodomaintranscriptionfactor2(PITX2)geneinapedigreeofbilaterallimbaldermoids.METHODS:Completeeyeexaminationshavebeenperformedoneachindividualofthefamily.Exonsofpaired-likehomeodomaintranscriptionfactor2(PITX2)wereamplifiedbypolymerasechainreaction,sequenced,andcomparedwithareferencedatabase.RESULTS:Wedescribedthephenotype,clinicfindingsinafamilywithtwoaffectedmembers.Themassesoftheproband’seyeswereexcisedsurgicallydemonstratingadermoidcystbyhistopathologicalexamination.NomutationwasdetectedinthegenePITX2inthispedigree.CONCLUSION:Afamilyoflimbaldermoidcystwasreported.Inaddition,nopathogenicsequencevariationswerefoundinPITX2,indicatingthatthisphenotypeinthisfamilyisadistinctiveentity.

简介：·Glaucomaisoneoftheleadingcausesofvisualimpairmentandblindnessworldwide.Ofknownriskfactorsforglaucoma,anincreasedinintraocularpressureismosthighlycorrelatedwithglaucomatousdamage.Irrespectiveofthecause,apoptosisoftheretinalganglioncellsistheeventualoutcome.Itiswidelyacceptedthatglaucomaisaneurodegenerativediseasethatisstronglycorrelatedwithcentralnervoussystemdisorders,suchasAlzheimer’sdisease.Thesetwodisordersalsosharesomesimilaritiesinpathogenicmechanisms.Recentstudiessuggestthatthetransientreceptorpotentialcanonical6channelcouldworktogetherwithbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactortopromoteneuronsurvivalinbrainandretina.Inthisstudy,weproposethattransientreceptorpotentialcanonical6maycontributetothepathogenesisofhumanglaucomaandbecomeapotentialtherapeutictarget.

简介：视野使用红色视标的视野检查可以发现显著的视野异常.简单的测试如正切暗点计屏也很有效.精确评估视野缺损需要视野计：人工（Goldmann）或者自动（Humphery）视野计可以给出详细的视野参数.但是结果受操作者的主观操作影响.

简介：青光眼青光眼是一组进行性的视神经病变，伴有视乳头特征性的结构改变和相应视野缺损的疾病。青光眼视神经病变的主要危险因素是眼压的升高。

简介：AIM:Tostudythedistributionofocularhigher-orderaberrations(HOAs)andmesopicpupilsizeinindividualsscreenedforrefractivesurgery.·METHODS:OcularHOAsandmesopicpupilsizewerestudiedin2458eyesof1240patientswithmyopia,myopicastigmatismandcompoundmyopicastigmatismand215eyesof110patientswithhyperopia,hyperopicastigmatismandcompoundhyperopicastigmatismusingtheZywaveaberrometer(Busch&Lomb).Allpatientshadcorrectablerefractiveerrorswithoutahistoryofrefractivesurgeryorunderlyingdiseases.Root-mean-squarevaluesofHOAs,totalsphericalaberration,totalcomaandmesopicpupilsizewereanalyzed.OcularHOAsweremeasuredacrossa≥6.0mmpupil,andpupilsizemeasurementswereperformedunderthemesopiccondition.·RESULTS:ThemeanvaluesofHOAs,totalsphericalaberrationandtotalcomainthemyopicgroupwere0.369μm,±0.233,0.133±0.112μmand0.330±0.188μm,respectively.InthehyperopicgroupthemeanvaluesofHOAs,totalsphericalaberrationandtotalcomawere0.418μm±0.214,0.202±0.209μmand0.343±0.201μm,respectively.HyperopesshowedgreatertotalHOAs(P<0.01)andtotalsphericalaberration(P<0.01)comparedtomyopes.Inage-matchedanalysis,onlytheamountoftotalsphericalaberrationwashigherinthehyperopicgroup(P=0.05).Mesopicpupilsizeinthemyopicgroupwaslarger(P≤0.05).·CONCLUSION:TheresultssuggestedthatsignificantlevelsofHOAswerefoundinbothgroupswhichareimportantforplanningrefractivesurgeriesonIranians.Thereweresignificantlyhigherlevelsoftotalsphericalaberrationinhyperopescomparedtomyopes.Mesopicpupilsizewaslargerinmyopicgroup.

简介：Thedamageofhumancornealcellsencounterwiththeproblemofavailabilityofcornealcellsforreplacement.Limitationofthesourceofcornealcellshasbeenrealized.Anattemptofdevelopmentofcornealepithelial-likecellsfromthehumanskin-derivedprecursor(hSKPs)hasbeenmadeinthisstudy.Combinationofthreeessentialgrowthfactors:epidermalgrowthfactor(EGF),keratinocytegrowthfactor(KGF)andhepatocytegrowthfactor(HGF)coulddemonstratesuccessfullyinductionofhSKPstodifferentiationintocornealcells.Theinducedcellsexpressedtheappearanceofmarkersofcornealepithelialcellsasshownbythepresenceofkeratin3(K3)byantibodylabelandWesternblotassay.TheK3geneexpressionofinducedhSKPscellsasshownbyreversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)technologywasalsodemonstrated.ThepresenceofthesemarkersatbothgeneandproteinlevelscouldleadtoourconclusionthatthedirectionaltransdifferentiationofhSKPscellsintocornealepithelialcellswassuccessfullydoneunderthiscellinductionprotocol.Thefindingshowsanewlyavailablestemcellsourcecanbeobtainedfromeasilyavailableskin.Cellsfromautologoushumanskinmightbeusedforcornealdisordertreatmentinfutureclinicalapplication.

简介：AIM:Toexaminetheexpressionofsurvivinandvascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)duringthedevelopmentofretinalneovascularization(NV)inamousemodel.·METHODS:Awell-characterizedmurinemodelofretinalNVwasusedtostudytheexpressionofsurvivinandVEGF.NVoftheretinawasinducedinmicebyexposureto75%O2frompostnataldayP7toP12,followedbyreturntoroomairfromP12toP17.ExpressionofsurvivinandVEGFproteinwasanalyzedbyImmunohistochemistry.Inaddition,mousemodelofproliferativeretinopathywasanalyzedbyretinalfluoresceinangiographyandquantificationanalysis.·RESULTS:Thenormalmicehadbothsuperfiekalanddeepvascularlayersthatextendedfromtheopticnervetotheperiphery.Inintraocularpressure(IOP)micewerecharacterizedbyrepresentatypicalpatternofpathologicalretinalNV.Therearelessorlittlenucleiofnewvesselsvascularendothelialcellbreakingthroughtheinnerretinalthaninretinopathyofprematurity(ROP)mice,largeclustersofbloodvesselswereadherenttotheinternallimitingmembrane(ILM)(0.27±0.20vs23.38±1.027,t=9.454,P<0.001).DuringtheangiogenicperiodfromP13toP17,survivinandVEGFproteinexpressionincreasedinexperimentalretinascomparedwithcontrolsamples(2.56±0.46vs3.34±0.40,t=17.43,P<0.01:2.18±0.75vs4.34±0.25,t=19.61,P<0.01).ProteinlevelsofVEGFandsurvivnhassignificantlypositivecorrelation(P<0.05,r=0.411).·CONCLUSION:CorrelationwasmadeattheproteinlevelsofsurvivinexpressioncomparedwiththatofVEGFinamurinemodelofretinalNV,whichsuggestsatemporalroleforsurvivinandVEGFinnewvesselformationinresponsetohypoxicstimulation.