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简介：AbstractRising emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have warmed the planet substantially and are also accompanied by poor air quality. The increased prevalence of allergic airway disease worldwide can be partially attributed to those global environmental changes. Climate change and air pollution pose adverse impacts on respiratory allergies, and that the mechanisms are complex and interactive. Adverse weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, can act directly on the respiratory tract to induce allergic respiratory illnesses. Thunderstorms and floods can alter the production and distribution of aeroallergens while wildfires and dust storms increase air pollution, and therefore indirectly enhance health risks. Concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the air have been projected to increase with climate warming and air stagnation, and the rising temperatures and CO2 increase pollen, molds, and spores, which escalate the risk of allergic respiratory diseases. The synergistic effects of extreme heat and aeroallergens intensify the toxic effect of air pollutants, which in turn augment the allergenicity of aeroallergens. With the Earth’s climate change, migration of humans and plants shift the living environments and allergens of susceptible people. Urban residents are exposed to multiple factors while children are sensitive to environmental exposure. Since climate change may pose many unexpected and persistent effects on allergic respiratory diseases, health professionals should advocate for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize its respiratory health effects.

简介：Usingdailyrainfalldataof11observatorystationsoverShanghaifortheperiod1960-2007,thespatialdifferencesofrainfallovertheShanghairegionduringperiodswithslowandrapidurbanizationrespectivelyareinvestigatedbasedonspatialstandarddeviationofrainfallanditsrelativevariables.Resultsshowthatspatialdifferencesincreasewiththeaccelerationofurbanization.Spatialdistributionsofannualrainfallandrainstormfrequencyexhibitdistincturban’rain-island’featuresduringtherapidperiodofurbanization(1960-1983)whileitisoppositeinthecaseofslowurbanization(1984-2007).Changesinthespatialdistributionofannualrainfalltrendsalsotakeplaceduringdifferentperiods.Specifically,thevariationofannualrainfallexhibitsconsistenttrendsovertheShanghairegionintheslowurbanizationperiods.However,inconsistentspatialdistributionofvariationshastakenplaceoverthecentraldistrictsandsuburbsofShanghaiduringtherapidurbanizationstage.Sincethespeeding-upofurbanization,theannualrainfallamountovercentraldistrictsofShanghaitendstoincreasewhilethatinthesuburbsshowsadecreasingtrend.Inaddition,asfarasdifferentseasonsareconcerned,thespeedofurbanizationexertsinsignificantinfluencesonthespatialdistributionofrainfallduringwinterandspring.Onthecontrary,therainfallduringsummerandautumn(especiallysummer)isfeaturedwithanislandeffectduringtherapidurbanizationperiod.

简介：虽然汽车工业只有一百多年的历史,但是扭转世界、改变地球的汽车又岂止100部7由我们筛选出来的100部扭转世界的汽车可能仍有遗漏,但是仍可以让你真正回顾一下,什么叫经典汽车吧!

简介：进行中的气候变化是对生物多样性的主要威胁。不管多么许多种类清楚地受不了进行中的气候变化，例如，其它由显示出范围扩大得益于它。然而，特定的特征哪个决定种类危险到气候变化？Phenotypic粘性，对环境变化被描述了为防卫的第一根线，可能在这里具有最大的重要性。对这个背景，我们这里在3铜蝴蝶种类在压力忍耐比较粘性，它在他们对气候变化的弱点可以证明不同。明确地，我们在成年阶段在acclimatization以后调查了热，寒冷和干燥抵抗到不同温度。我们证明在更高的温度的环境适应增加了热，但是减少冷忍耐和干燥抵抗。与我们的预言相反，种类没在压力抵抗显示出显著变化，尽管在温度的塑料能力强调抵抗确实越过种类变化了。总的来说，我们的结果似乎比speciesspecific模式反映populationrather。我们断定使用的人口的地理起源应该在比较研究被认为平。然而，我们的结果建议在这里学习的3种类，对气候变化的弱点没被压力抵抗首先在成年阶段决定。当昆虫学的研究仅仅实在太经常集中于成年人，当试着理解昆虫回答到环境变化时，我们主张更多的研究努力应该被奉献给另外的发展阶段。

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简介：Heihe河盆是在西北中国的第二最大的内陆河盆，它也是在干旱水文学，水资源和在冷区域的研究的另外的方面的一个热点。另外，Heihe河盆有完全的风景，中等分水岭尺寸，和典型社会生态的环境问题。到目前为止，没有对整个河盆的冰河变化信息的详细评价。地志的地图数据，LandsatTM/ETM+遥感图象和数字举起建模的1:50,000数据在这研究被使用。通过综合计算机自动解释和视觉解释方法，面向对象的图象特征抽取方法被使用提取冰河轮廓信息。冰河变化数据从分析被导出，并且到气候的冰河变化和它的反应在时期1956/19632007/2011变化也被分析。结果显示出那：(1)在时期1956/19632007/2011，Heihe河盆冰河有一个明显的撤退趋势，冰河的全部的区域从361.69km减少了<啜class=“a-plus-plus”>2到231.17km<啜class=“a-plus-plus”>2；以36.08%的率缩小，与平均单个冰河区域减少0.14km<啜class=“a-plus-plus”>2；冰河的全部的数字从967～800减少了。(2)在这盆的冰河主要在43004400m，44004500m和45004600m的举起被散布；并且在冰河分发和冰河变化有重要地区性的差别。(3)与另外的西方的山冰河相比，在Heihe河盆的冰河撤退有更高的率。(4)六个气象学的车站的分析从1960～2010的年度平均温度和降水数据建议吝啬的年度温度显著地增加了，年度降水也显示出一个增加的趋势。冰河收缩是密切相关的，而且，温度升起，这被结束冰河融化由增加的降水由比冰河团供应大的升起的温度引起了到某程度。

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简介：Background:Physicalactivity(PA)duringpregnancyprovidesphysicalandpsychologicalbenefitsformotherandchild.U.S.guidelinesrecommend≥30minofmoderateexerciseforhealthypregnantwomenmostdaysoftheweek;however,mostwomendonotmeettheserecommendations.Theoryassistsinidentifyingsalientdeterminantsofhealthbehaviortoguidehealthpromotioninterventions;however,theapplicationoftheorytoexaminePAamongpregnantwomenhasnotbeenexaminedcohesivelyamongmultiplelevelsofinfluence(e.g.,intrapersonal,interpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,andorganizational/political).Subsequently,thissystematicreviewaimstoidentifyandevaluatetheuseofhealthbehaviortheoryinstudiesthatexaminePAduringpregnancy.Methods:ArticlespublishedbeforeJuly2014wereobtainedfromPubMedandWebofScience.Inclusioncriteriaappliedwere:(1)empiricallybased;(2)peer-reviewed;(3)measuredfactorsrelatedtoPA;(4)comprisedapregnantsample;and(5)appliedtheory.Fourteenstudieswereincluded.Eachstudy'sapplicationoftheoryandtheoreticalconstructswereevaluated.Results:VarioustheorieswereutilizedtoexplainandpredictPAduringpregnancy;yet,themajorityofthesestudiesonlyfocusedonintrapersonalleveldeterminants.Fivetheoreticalframeworkswereappliedacrossthestudies—allbutoneattheintrapersonallevel.Fewdeterminantsidentifiedwerefromtheinterpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,ororganizational/politicallevels.Conclusion:ThissystematicreviewsynthesizedtheliteratureontheoreticalconstructsrelatedtoPAduringpregnancy.Interpersonal,community,andsocietallevelsremainunderstudied.Futureresearchshouldemploytheory-drivenmulti-leveldeterminantsofPAtoreflecttheinteractingfactorsinfluencingPAduringthiscriticalperiodinthelifecourse.

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简介：AbstractIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the planet, which is seriously affecting the planetary health including human health. Adapting climate change should not only be a slogan, but requires a united, holistic action and a paradigm shift from crisis response to an ambitious and integrated approach immediately. Recognizing the urgent needs to tackle the risk connection between climate change and One Health, the four key messages and recommendations that with the intent to guide further research and to promote international cooperation to achieve a more climate-resilient world are provided.

简介：Thecircumborealforestencompassesdiverselandscapestructures,dynamicsandforestagedistributionsdeterminedbytheirphysicalsetting,andhistoricalandcurrentdisturbanceregimes.However,duetointensifyingforestutilisation,andincertainareasduetoincreasingnaturaldisturbances,borealforestage-classstructureshavechangedrapidly,sothattheproportionofoldforesthassubstantiallydeclined,whilethatofyoungpost-harvestandpost-natural-disturbanceforestproportionshaveincreased.Inthefuture,withawarmingclimateincertainborealregions,thistrendmayfurtherbeenhancedduetoanincreaseinnaturaldisturbancesandlarge-scaleuseofforestbiomasstoreplacefossil-basedfuelsandproducts.Themajordriversofchangeofforestageclassdistributionsandstructuresincludetheuseofclearcutshortrotationharvesting,morefrequentandseverenaturaldisturbancesduetoclimatewarmingincertainregions.Thedeclineinoldforestarea,andincreaseinmanagedyoungforestlackingnaturalpost-disturbancestructurallegacies,representamajortransformationintheecologicalconditionsoftheborealforestbeyondhistoricallimitsofvariability.Thismayintroduceathreattobiodiversity,ecosystemresilienceandlong-termadaptivecapacityoftheforestecosystem.Tosafeguardborealforestbiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning,andtomaintainthemultipleservicesprovidedtosocietiesbythisforestbiome,itispivotaltomaintainanadequateshareandtheecologicalqualitiesofyoungpost?disturbancestages,alongwithmatureforeststageswithold-growthcharacteristics.Thisrequiresmanagementfornaturalpost-disturbancelegacystructures,andinnovativeuseofdiverseuneven-agedandcontinuouscovermanagementapproachestomaintaincriticallate-successionalforeststructuresinlandscapes.

简介：在北半球从14个地点把重建和代理数据基于温度，这篇论文集中了于比较在北极和另外的区域之间的温度变化的周期包括大西洋，欧洲，中国，亚洲，和平，印度洋，并且美洲在到最后冰川的最大值的从最后Interstade的转变期间，从最后冰川的最大值到在Holocene和由单个光谱分析(SSA)的方法的小冰川期(LIA)的转变的megathermal时期结果证明在北极的环境变化在北美人并且更好很类似于那类似于亚洲，大西洋和太平洋，最不类似于印度洋和欧洲。温度的1500年的摆动在北极和欧洲两个都存在。

简介：Qinghai-Xizang高原，或西藏的高原，是为气候变化的一个敏感区域，在全球温暖的表明是特别地显著的的地方。在这个区域的宽气候可变性显著地影响本地陆地生态系统并且能因而导致著名植被变化。在这篇论文，内部高原植被的年变化用一个21年的规范的差别植被指数(NDVI)被调查确定的数据集为地区性的生态系统和它的相互作用温暖的气候的后果。结果证明那篇植被报道在东方、南部的高原区域是最好的并且向西方和北方败坏。总体上，植被活动在1982-2002期间以一种摆动的方式表明渐渐的改进。时间的变化也展出惹人注目的地区性的差别：一个增加的趋势在西方，南方，北方和东南是很明显的，而一个减少的趋势沿着南部的高原边界并且在中央东方的区域是在场的。在NDVI和地面温度之间的协变性分析建议那个植被变化是仔细与气候有关变化。然而，控制物理过程地理上变化。在西方和东方，植被可变性被发现被温度主要驱使，与具有第二等的重要性的降水的影响。然而，在中央高原，温度和降水因素在modulating是同等地重要的内部年度植被可变性。

简介：Basedonlinearporoelasticandhydrogeologytheory,amathematicalexpressiondescribingtherelationshipbetweenwaterlevelchangeandaquifervolumestrainisputforward.Combinedwithearthtidaltheory,weanalyzetheresponsecharacteristicsfromwell-aquiferwaterlevelchangetoearthtideofvolumestrainandpresentamethodofvolumestraininversionfromwaterlevelchange.Comparingtheresultsofinversionwithrealobserveddata,wefoundthatthereisagoodconsistency.Thissuggeststhatthemethodofvolumestraininversionfromwaterlevelchangeisproper.Itwillofferareferenceforlearningabouthydrogeologycharacteristics,volumestrainandsearchingforprecursoranomalies.

简介：BasedonthesimulationwiththeOcean-AtmosphereCoupledModelCCSMandOceanModelPOPunderthegreenhousegasemissionscenariooftheIPCCSRESA2(IPCC,2001),andontheearthcrustsubsidenceandglaciermeltingdata,therelativesealevelchangeisobtainedalongthecoastofChinainthe21stcentury.UsingtheSRTMelevationdatathesubmergenceofcoastallowlandiscalculatedundertheextremewaterlevelwitha100-yearreturnperiod.Thetotalfloodingareasare98.3×103and104.9×103km2for2050and2080,respectively.Forthethreeregionsmostvulnerabletoextremesealevelrise,i.e.,thecoastofBohaiBay,theYangtzeRiverDeltatogetherwithneighboringJiangsuProvinceandnorthernZhejiangProvince,andthePearlRiverDelta,thefloodedareasare5.0×103,64.1×103and15.3×103km2in2050and5.2×103,67.8×103and17.2×103km2in2080,respectively.

简介：Atunableplasmonicperfectabsorberwithatuningrangeof650nmisrealizedbyintroducinga20nmthickphase-changematerialGe2Sb2Te5layerintothemetal–dielectric–metalconfiguration.Theabsorptionattheplasmonicresonanceiskeptabove0.96acrossthewholetuningrange.Inthisworkwestudythisextraordinaryopticalresponsenumericallyandrevealthegeometricconditionswhichsupportthisphenomenon.Thisworkshowsapromisingroutetoachievetunableplasmonicdevicesformulti-bandopticalmodulation,communication,andthermalimaging.

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简介：Climatechangehasbecomewidelyacceptedasachallengethathumanswillfaceinthenot-too-distantfuture.Mountainecosystemsandtheirinhabitantsareamongthemostvulnerabletoclimatechange.ThispaperseekstoexplainmigrationdriversinspecificmountainregionsinthecontextofclimatechangebasedonForesight’sconceptualframework.AclimatechangesensitivefieldnamedShangnanCountyinsouthernShaanxiProvinceischosenasthecasestudyareatoinvestigatelocalmigrationdrivers.Aseriesofqualitativeresearchmethodsisemployedinthecasestudyincludingparticipantobservation,semi-structuredinterviews,andfocusgroupdiscussions.Theevidenceofsurveysuggeststhatmigrationdecisionsarenotonlyshapedbymacrofactorsinaspectsofenvironmental,economics,demographic,social,politicsandpsychological,butalsoinfluencedbyplaced-relatedbarriersandfacilitatingmechanismsandpersonalcharacteristics.

简介：Thehumificationdegreeofpeatisasignificantclimaticproxyforpaleoclimatechange.Usingthealkali-extractionmethod,atimeseriesofabsorbancevaluesoftheHanipeatland,NortheastChina,wasdetermined,whichisusedasanindicatorforthehumificationdegreeofpeat.Combinedwith14Cdatingdataofpeatcellulose,andcomparedwithδ18Oandδ13CtimeseriesofthecelluloseintheHanipeatland,theevidencefortheexistenceof14kapaleoclimatewasprovided.Higherhumificationdegreeshintawarmer-wetterclimate,andviceversa.ItalsoreconstructsthefourstagesofHoloceneclimateevolutioninthisregion:11.5–9.8calkaB.P.,warmandwetperiod;9.8–9.0calkaB.P.,coldanddryperiod;9.0–4.8calkaB.P.,warmandwetperiod;and4.8–0calkaB.P.,warm-wetanddry-coldalternationperiod.Meanwhile,itisrevealedthattheabruptclimateshiftssignalssuchasthe'8.2ka'eventandthe'4.2ka'event.ResultsshowedthattheHanipeathumificationdegreeisofsensitiveresponsetopaleoclimatechange.Therefore,itisafeasiblemethodtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenpaleoclimatechangeandpeathumificationdegree.