简介：UtilizingtheJointTyphoonWarningCenter(JTWC)andTokyo-TyphoonCenteroftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency(JMARSMCTOKYO)best-tracktropicalcyclone(TC)datafortheperiod1951-2014,variationsinspatialandtemporalcharacteristicsofNorthwestPacificTCactivityforaglobalwarmingscenarioarediscussed.Theresultssuggestthatsincetheearly1960s,therehasbeenanoveralldecreasingtrendinthefrequencyofoccurrence,intensity,peakintensity,lengthofmovement,andlifetimeofTCs.However,globalwanninghasledtoalinearlyincreasingtrendinTCactivityineasternAsia,whichindicatesthatNorthwestPacificTCactivitydecreases,butthefrequencyoflandfallsandintensityarelikelystrengthened.Therefore,thethreatofTCstowardseasternAsiaisenhanced.TheincreaseinTCactivityineasternAsiaislikelytheresultofastrengthenedWalkercirculationduetoanincreasingtemperaturegradientbetweenthenorthwestPacificOceanandthecentralandeasternPacificOcean.ThestrengtheningWalkercirculationcouldincreasethemagnitudeoftheverticalwindshear,relativevorticity,andmeridionalwindshearoflow-leveleasterliesneartheequatorinthetropicalNorthwestPacific,whichaffectsthespatialandtemporalvariationsofTCactivityintheNorthwestPacific.

简介：ThisstudyaimstoexploretherelativeroleofoceanicdynamicsandsurfaceheatfluxesinthewarmingofsouthernArabianSeaandsouthwestIndianOceanduringthedevelopmentofIndianOceanDipole(IOD)eventsbyusingNationalCenterforEnvironmentalPrediction/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCEP/NCAR)dailyreanalysisdataandGlobalOceanDataAssimilationSystem(GODAS)monthlymeanoceanreanalysisdatafrom1982to2013,basedonregressionanalysis,EmpiricalOrthogonalFunction(EOF)analysisandcombinedwitha21/2layerdynamicupper-oceanmodel.TheresultsshowthatduringtheinitialstageofIODevents,warmdownwellingRossbywavesexcitedbyananomalousanticycloneoverthewestIndianPeninsula,southwestIndianOceanandsoutheastIndianOceanleadtothewarmingofthemixedlayerbyreducingentrainmentcooling.AnanomalousanticycloneoverthewestIndianPeninsulaweakensthewindovertheArabianSeaandSomalicoast,whichhelpsdecreasetheseasurfaceheatlossandshallowthesurfacemixedlayer,andalsocontributestotheseasurfacetemperature(SST)warminginthesouthernArabianSeabyinhibitingentrainment.TheweakenedwindsincreasetheSSTalongtheSomalicoastbyinhibitingupwellingandzonaladvection.ThewindandnetseasurfaceheatfluxanomaliesarenotsignificantoverthesouthwestIndianOcean.DuringtheantecedentstageofIODevents,thewarmingofthesouthernArabianSeaiscloselyconnectedwiththereductionofentrainmentcoolingcausedbytheRossbywavesandtheweakenedwind.Withtheappearanceofanequatorialeasterlywindanomaly,thewarmingofthesouthwestIndianOceanisnotonlydrivenbyweakerentrainmentcoolingcausedbytheRossbywaves,butalsobythemeridionalheattransportcarriedbyEkmanflow.TheanomalousseasurfaceheatfluxplaysakeyroletodampthewarmingofthewestpoleoftheIOD.

简介：Endoscopicultrasonography-guidedfine-needleaspiration（EUS-FNA）hasbeenappliedtopancreaticobiliarylesionssincethe1990sandisinwidespreadusethroughouttheworldtoday.Weusedthismethodtoconfirmthepathologicalevidenceofthepancreaticobiliarylesionsandtoperformsuitabletherapies.ComplicationsofEUS-FNAarequiterare,butsomeofthemaresevere.OperatorsshouldmasterconventionalEUSobservationandexperienceaminimumof20-30casesofsupervisedEUS-FNAonnon-pancreaticandpancreaticlesionsbeforeattemptingsoloEUSFNA.StudiesconductedonpancreaticobiliaryEUSFNAhavefocusedonselectionofsuitableinstruments（e.g.,needleselection）andsamplingtechniques（e.g.,fanningmethod,suctionlevel,withorwithoutastylet,optimumnumberofpasses）.Today,thediagnosticabilityofEUS-FNAisstillimproving;thedetectionofpancreaticcancer（PC）currentlyhasasensitivityof90%-95%andspecificityof95%-100%.InadditiontoPC,avarietyofrarepancreatictumorscanbediscriminatedbyconductingimmunohistochemistryontheFNAmaterials.Aflexible,largecaliberneedlehasbeenusedtoobtainalargepieceoftissue,whichcanprovidesufficienthistologicalinformationtobehelpfulinclassifyingbenignpancreaticlesions.EUSFNAcansupplyhighdiagnosticyieldsevenforbiliarylesionsorperi-pancreaticobiliarylymphnodes.ThisreviewfocusesontheclinicalaspectsofEUS-FNAinthepancreaticobiliaryfield,withtheaimofprovidinginformationthatcanenablemoreaccurateandefficientdiagnosis.

简介：GlobalgriddeddailymeandatafromtheNCEP/NCARReanalysis(1948-2012)areusedtoobtaintheonsetdate,retreatdateanddurationtimeseriesoftheSouthChinaSeasummermonsoon(SCSSM)forthepast65years.Thesummermonsoononset(retreat)dateisdefinedasthetimewhenthemeanzonalwindat850hPashiftssteadilyfromeasterly(westerly)towesterly(easterly)andthepseudo-equivalentpotentialtemperatureatthesamelevelremainssteadyatgreaterthan335K(lessthan335K)intheSouthChinaSeaarea[110-120°E(10-20°N)].TheclockwisevortexoftheequatorialIndianOceanregion,togetherwiththecross-equatorialflowandthesubtropicalhigh,playsadecisiveroleintheburstoftheSCSSM.TheonsetdateoftheSCSSMiscloselyrelatedtoitsintensity.Withlate(early)onsetofthesummermonsoon,itsintensityisrelativelystrong(weak),andthezonalwindundergoesanearly(late)abruptchangeintheuppertroposphere.ClimatewarmingsignificantlyaffectstheonsetandretreatdatesoftheSCSSManditsintensity.Withclimatewarming,thenumberofearly-onset(-retreat)yearsoftheSCSSMisclearlygreater(less),andtheSCSSMisclearlyweakened.

简介：基于三个全球年度吝啬的表面温度时间系列和三个中国年度平均数表面空气温度时间系列，多重timescales上的气候变化趋势被使用多滑动的时间窗户的趋势评价方法分析。结果被用来在1998-2012期间讨论所谓的全球温暖的中断。不同开始和结束时间在趋势评价的结果上有明显的效果，这被表明，并且当使用一扇短窗户时，含意特别地大。全球温暖的中断在1998-2012期间是在短timescales上看温度系列的结果；并且类似于它的事件，或有甚至冷的趋势的事件，实际上历史上多次发生了。因此，全球温暖的中断是可能的是长期的温度变化的一个期刊特征。它主要在短学期反映温度，和如此的现象的十的可变性不从长远的观点看改变全面温暖趋势。