简介：Basedonthemeaningofeconomictheoryaswellasanalysisofrelevantcharacteristicsofwatershedenvironmentalmanagement,awatershedenvironmentalmanagementframeworkwillbecreated,withbuildingsystemsoftheory,principles,methods,andsupportingmeasures.Throughthegeneralstructure,thewatershedenvironmentalmanagementsystemdesigncanbeexploredtooptimizetheallocationofresourcesandachievecoordinateddevelopmentofwatershedeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalprotection.

简介：Biomass,asfuelwood,isoneofthemajorsourcesofenergyinruralareas,especiallyinthemountainousregionsoftheworld.Astheincreasinghumanpopulationexertsmorepressureontheforesttherebyinducinganadverseeffectonthesustainabilityoftheecosystem,whichconsequentlycausesfuelwoodcrisisatalocallevel,thiscrisisisspatio-temporalinnature.Thus,themajorobjectiveofthisstudyistoassessthesustainabilityoffuelwoodatdifferentprobablescenariosatamicrowatershedlevel.ThepresentstudywasconductedinthePhakotwatershed,theTehriGarhwaldistrictofcentralHimalayainIndia,during2006-2008.Basedonthevegetationcompositioninthestudyarea,thenetprimaryproductivity(NPP)valueoftheOakforest,andmixedoakandsalforests,wasusedforthequantificationoffuelwoodavailabilityinevergreenanddeciduousforests,respectively.Thefuelwooddemandwascalculatedonthebasisofseasonalfuelwoodconsumptionvalues.Nineprobablepermutationsforavailability-demandscenariosassumingtheexistenceofhigh(H),low(L)andaverage(A)conditionswereanalyzedforevaluatingthestress.Theavailableannualharvestablefuelwoodinthewatershedisintheminimumandmaximumrangesof2283.28to4066.00tons,respectively,peryearwhereasithasademandof110.76tonsastheminimumto3659tonsasthemaximumannually.Thisshowsthatinthecurrentavailabilitydemandscenario,thewatersheddoesnothavefuelwoodcrisisinthepresentsituationbutneedstomaintainthesustainabilityofthesystem.Basedonourstudy,itisconcludedthat,globally,morespatio-temporalstudyisrequiredtounderstandtheissuesatthelocallevel.

简介：XiliaoheRiverwatershedplaysanimportantroleinregionalandnationalgrainsecurity.Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy,waterconsumptionthatincreaseddramaticallycauseswatershortages.Cropwaterrequirementcanprovidequantitativebasisformakingregionalirrigationscheme.Inthisstudy,springmaizewaterrequirementiscalculatedbyusingPenmanMonteithformulaandspringmaizecoefficientfromMaytoSeptemberat10meteorologicalstationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershedfrom1951to2005.Thevariationtrendofthespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstage,waterrequirementineverymonth,andmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareobtainedbyusingMann-Kendallmethod,andthedegreeofgreyincidencebetweenthewaterrequirementandmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareshown.TheresultsarethespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstagesincreasesathalfofthestationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershed,andareremarkablyaffectedbythewaterrequirementinMay.Themonthlymean,maximumandminimumairtemperatureformMaytoSeptembershowanincreasingtrendinXiliaoheRiverwatershedinrecent55years.Themonthlymeanandminimumairtemperatureincreasesnotably.Therelativehumidity,precipitation,windspeedandsunshineshowadecreasingtrendwithvarietyfordifferentmonths.Themonthlymaximumairtemperature,windspeed,sunshineandmonthlymeanairtemperaturehavethehighestcorrelationdegreewithspringmaizewaterrequirementfromMaytoSeptember.

简介：Fuelwoodisoneofthemajorsourcesofenergyinthedomesticsectoracrosstheruralareas,especiallyinthedevelopingregionsacrosstheworld.TheNortheasternHimalayanstateofManipurisdominatedbythetribalpopulationthatlargelydependsonfuelwoodfromthenearbyforestarea.Theentiredependenceonforestsforenergyresourcesisaffectingthesustainabilityoftheforestecosystemintheregion,thusindicatingthelivelihoodconditions.Sinceland-useland-coverchangeisthekeydrivertothechangeinresourceavailabilityofaregion,thepresentstudyhastriedtoanalyzethelandcoverchangesoveraperiod28years.Thesecondmajorcomponentaffectingresourceavailabilityistheincreasingpopulationpressurethatleadstochangesinthelanddynamics,whichdirectlyaffecttheresourceproduction.Basedontheexistingconsumptionpattern,thetotalconsumptionoffuelwoodinthewatershedrangesfiomaminimumof289.992tons/yeartoamaximumof3545.719tons/yearwithanaverageof1561.956tons/yearintheyear2009andsimulatedfuelwoodconsumptionfortheyear2021isaround1469.260tons/year.Ninedifferentprobablescenariosofresourceareproposedtocalculatethestressvaluethatcanbeusedbythepolicy-makersandplannersforsuitablepolicyimplementationatthemicrolevelwithacomplexsocialsystem.