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简介：密云水库集水区水源保护林在北京地区饮用水源保护中起着非常重要的作用．本文给出了该区小流域对比实验的初步研究结果，有林小流域和无林小流域对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程较为一致的径流响应表明，土壤前期含水量对流域产流有较大的影响，在降雨较多土壤含水量较大的情况下该区产流方式可以表现为饱和地表径流．尽管该区以霍顿超渗产流为主，但对于１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程，森林流域产流总量为１３９３．８０ｍ３，无林流域为２２０２．４３ｍ３，森林流域减少洪水总量３６．７％，消减洪峰流量达３７３％．然而，１９９７年７月１９日降雨过程森林流域径流洪峰量与洪水泥沙含量均较无林流域高，这表明预处理措施对径流泥沙过程有极为显著的影响

简介：为河的水，沉积和许多水质成分典型地从贡献分水岭的高地以及从降低举起的溪流方面地区和河岸被导出。这为内部和平的西北和大盆区域的地形的复杂的风景是特别地明显的，在从高举起的积雪场的雪水是为穿越广泛的半干旱的低地的河的主要的水来源的地方。当硫管理通常集中于下游地高顺序的活动范围时，自然资源经理逐渐地在硫的头水里担心小、低顺序的河系和河边的环境。对理解头水水文学的需要为头水和中间举起的扇区的水疗院逻辑政体亲密地在低举起的、高顺序的流活动范围在被连接到流速及流水量和隧道进程的一个牧场分水岭系统被表明。全面的、成功的河和分水岭管理和模拟模型申请要求足够地理解的水疗院逻辑和来源分水岭的生态系统特征。

简介：许多西方的美国被认为是牧场。牧场区域生产好处和产品的多样的混合，并且在生态系统上下文，他们的全面健康具有国家重要性。因为从一个分水岭的沉积产量是所有土壤的综合表情，侵蚀和沉积处理发生在它以内，我们寻求确定并且作为牧场健康的措施在土壤/地点稳定性和分水岭功能的上下文解释沉积产量，是逻辑的。综合推迟的沉积取样的深度与流量用斜槽测量了在西南的美国从二个试验性的分水岭计算输沙量和收益被相结合。为单个流量事件的沉积收益估计被加从这二个牧场分水岭生产年度沉积产量的估计。估计的年度沉积收益数据然后与沉积交货比率和土壤损失忍耐的概念被相结合在分水岭规模估计土壤/地点稳定性。分析从分布式的分水岭进程用沉积收益估计建议那，时间空间平均土壤损失忍耐值是不一致的。因此，新分布式的土壤/地点稳定性标准被需要在估计牧场分水岭的健康代替土壤损失忍耐概念。沉积搬运/产出模型在一个分水岭在内部点被使用模仿分布式的沉积过程。然而，这些模型的申请要求刻度和确认数据并且因此依赖于沉积集中和收益数据库的可获得性。因此，另外的努力被要求与继续的测量一起通过历史的数据的营救造沉积收益数据库并且在存在和新采样地点监视。

简介：在分析中国水土资源的状况及水土流失危害的基础上，作者介绍了中国山区流域经营的主要经验与措施体系；应用全国各大流域２０个典型，分析了流域经营的效益．为了判别流域经营的可持续性，提出了包括社会经济与生态环境两个方面的可持续流域经营指标体系．

简介：Thispaperpresentsanovelmethodforoverlappingortouchingblobobject(particles)segmentation.Itisbasedonthewatershedtransformation,oneofthemostpowerfulimageanalysistoolsprovidedbymathematicalmorphology,Inthismethod.wefirstbuildthedistancefunictionoftheblobimage,andthenextracttheregionalminimaasmarkers,andfinallythewatershedtransformationisperformed.Theapplicationsofthisalgorithmillustratedusingexamplesofredbloodcellsegmentationandbrokenmedicinepilldetection.

简介：Watershedmanagementisanever-evolvingpracticeinvolvingthemanagementofland,water,biota,andotherresourcesinadefinedareaforecological,social,andeconomicpurposes.Inthispaper,weexplorethefollowingquestions:Howhaswatershedmanagementevolved?Whatnewtoolsareavailableandhowcantheybeintegratedintosustainablewatershedmanagement?Toaddressthesequestions,wediscusstheprocessofdevelopingintegratedwatershedmanagementstrategiesforsustainablemanagementthroughtheincorporationofadaptivemanagementtechniquesandtraditionalecologicalknowledge.Weaddressthenumerousbenefitsfromintegrationacrossdisciplinesandjurisdictionalboundaries,aswellastheincorporationoftechnologicaladvancements,suchasremotesensing,GIS,bigdata,andmulti-levelsocial-ecologicalsystemsanalysis,intowatershedmanagementstrategies.WeusethreecasestudiesfromChina,Europe,andCanadatoreviewthesuccessandfailureofintegratedwatershedmanagementinaddressingdifferentecological,social,andeconomicdilemmasingeographicallydiverselocations.Althoughprogresshasbeenmadeinwatershedmanagementstrategies,therearestillnumerousissuesimpedingsuccessfulmanagementoutcomes;manyofwhichcanberemediedthroughholisticmanagementapproaches,incorporationofcutting-edgescienceandtechnology,andcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.Weconcludebyhighlightingthatfuturewatershedmanagementwillneedtoaccountforclimatechangeimpactsbyemployingtechnologicaladvancementsandholistic,cross-disciplinaryapproachestoensurewatershedscontinuetoservetheirecological,social,andeconomicfunctions.Wepresentthreecasestudiesinthispaperasavaluableresourceforscientists,resourcemanagers,governmentagencies,andotherstakeholdersaimingtoimproveintegratedwatershedmanagementstrategiesandmoreefficientlyandsuccessfullyachieveecologicalandsocio-economicmanagementobjectives.

简介：Basedonthemeaningofeconomictheoryaswellasanalysisofrelevantcharacteristicsofwatershedenvironmentalmanagement,awatershedenvironmentalmanagementframeworkwillbecreated,withbuildingsystemsoftheory,principles,methods,andsupportingmeasures.Throughthegeneralstructure,thewatershedenvironmentalmanagementsystemdesigncanbeexploredtooptimizetheallocationofresourcesandachievecoordinateddevelopmentofwatershedeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalprotection.

简介：Torecognizethegeographicalcharacteristicsofthelandslideareaswillbehelpfulforthewatershedmanagementinthereservoirwatershed.Accordingtothequantitativeanalysis,we'lltakedifferentscoresandweightingforthepotentialparametersofthelandslideareasintheTsengwenreservoirwatershed,andinthemeanwhile,we'llextractthedifferentfactors,includingtheslope,aspect,altitude,soilandgeologicaltexturesetc.,andtheresultsshownasmaximumone-dayrainfall,ratioofforestsandaveragereliefisthemostaffectingparametersonthepotentialriskmapoflandslideareas.

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简介：目前，在小分水岭规模的土地使用优化是关键措施控制土壤侵蚀，恢复eco环境并且改进农民黄土高原上的生活标准，中国。基于1966的陆地使用调查地图，1988，1997，

简介：ThepaperanalyzesthesedimentsourceofwatershedbymeansofstudyingwatershedinwestemShanxioftheLossesPlateau.Onthebasisofwatershedsclassification,7typicalwatershedswerechosenandobservedfor11years.Theresultshowsthatthesedimentatthesmallwatershedmainlycomesfromgullies,whichis60%ofthetotalsediment.Erosionmodulusofvalley(includinggullyhead,gullybed,valleyside)is1.28-2.48timesasthatoftheareabetweenchannels(includinghillslopeandmoundoftheLoessPlateau).Themainsedimentsourceofslopeerosioniscultivatedlandonslopewithoutwaterandsoilconservationmeasures.

简介：南部的山麓陆地受苦当时，节制到严重侵蚀在单身者下面的farmed?庄稼，到由犁板耕作，disking或耙地组成的系统为止常规。这主要由于高土壤侵蚀度，高精力春天?夏天暴风雨，低残余盖子，和差的管理因素。没有庄稼的一个冬季季节经常从降雨影响让土壤没有防卫。最小化耕种并且在夏天和冬季两个都把成长庄稼和庄稼残余留在表面的保存收割系统保护土壤免受腐蚀效果的伤害并且支撑生产率。在这篇论文我们在场并且讨论土壤损失，流量和残余生产数据从26年一2.71哈典型地代表小南部的山麓分水岭的集水。集水首先从1972～1974在夏天大豆(Glycine最大(L.)Merrill)和冬季休闲的常规耕种系统被管理。它然后被变换成收割夏天大豆的系统的保存，蜀黍(蜀黍二色(L.)Moench)，或棉花(Gossypiumhirsutum(L.))和冬季大麦(Hordeumvulgare(L.))，小麦(Triticumaestivum(L.))，或继续了到礼品的苜蓿(Trifoliumincarnatum(L.))。立即的有的保存收割系统和在在夏天和冬季控制侵蚀和流量的剩余效果。破坏土壤侵蚀，从高精力，暴风雨显著地被减少。在保存收割下面在常规耕种下面从大约2Mgha-1yr-1增加到9.88Mgha-1yr-1的残余生产在20年的系统。

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简介：TheThreeGorgesProjectisoneofthelargesthydro-projectsintheworldandhasdrawnmanydebatesinsideChinaandabroad.Themajorconcernisthatsedimentloadfromtheriverbasinmayeventuallyfailthefunctionsoftheprojectforfloodcontrolandpowergeneration.Toreducesedimentationinthereservoir,watershedmanagementhasbeenadopted.However,thereislimitedinformationregardingtheeffectivenessofvariouscontrolmeasuressuchasterracingandafforestationonawatershedscale.TheJialingRiver,amaintributaryoftheYangtzeRiver,contributesapproximately25%ofthetotalsedimentloadinthemainriverbutonlyrepresents8%ofthewholebasinarea.TherehavebeenvariouslandusepatternsandextensivehumanactivitiesforthousandsofyearsintheJialingRiverwatershed.BasedonanalysisofthemajorfactorsaffectingerosionintheJialingRiverwatershed,themainwatershedmanagementstrategies(afforestation,farmingandengineeringpractice)areillustrated,andtheireffectsonthereductionofsedimentandrunoffarestudiedindetail.Thesedimentbudgetofthewatershedshowsthat1/3ofthesedimentyieldistrappedbytheerosioncontrolmeasures(afforestationandfarming)ontheslope,1/3istrappedbythereservoirs,pondsanddamswithinthewatershed,andonlyabout1/3istransportedintotheYangtzeRiver,whichwillaffecttheThreeGorgesProject.

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简介：土壤营养素的土壤侵蚀和损失是在西南中国的关键环境威胁。土壤质量上的土地使用和它的影响继续加亮。现在的学习被进行在四种陆地使用类型下面比较土壤侵蚀(即，林地，放弃的农田，耕种，和草地)并且他们土壤上的效果器官的碳(SOC)，全部的氮(TN)和在达恩奇·莱克分水岭的Shuanglong集水的全部的磷(TP)，中国。处于侵蚀率有大变化，越过四块陆地的滋养的分布使用类型。侵蚀率由137C平均2在在非栽培的地点的侵蚀率上的耕种和放弃的农田下面的133tkm−2年−1，和草地显示出网免职。为所有地点，滋养的内容基本上与土壤深度减少了。与耕种和放弃的农田相比，草地在0–40厘米土壤层以内有最高的SOC和TN内容，由林地列在后面。在137C，SOC和TN被观察。侵蚀在耕种引起的滋养的损失最高。这些结果建议因为他们由土壤侵蚀减少营养素的损失的能力，那块草地和林地将为在长期的经期上的SOC和TN隐遁是有益的。我们的学习证明在红土壤区域的滋养的损失的那减小能通过管理得好的植被恢复措施被做。

简介：ThesustainedgrowthofChineseeconomyinthenewcenturyisasilverlininginthecontinuouslydepressedglobaleconomy.Meanwhile,therapiddevelopmentofChineseeconomyisstillconfrontedwithconstraintsfromdeterioratingenvironmentandruralpovertyissues.Ithasbecomeasignificantpolicyoptioninmaintaininghighspeed,efficiencyandsounddevelopmentofChineseeconomytorehabilitateforestresources,improveecologicalconditions,increasefarmers'incomeandgetonasustainableroadfeaturingcoordinateddevelopmentofpopulation,resourcesandenvironment.TheGrainforGreenProgram,asaCDMactivityofChinesestyle,launchedontrialin1999andimplementedin2002acrossthecountry,isthebiggestlandusetransition,watershedmanagementandpovertyalleviationprograminvolvingthelargestpopulationinChinesehistoryandacrosstheglobe.Itcovers25provinces/regions/citiesandgetsover1600counties,15millionhouseholdsand60millionfarmerswereinvolved.HencetheGrainforTreepolicyhasasignificantbearingonecologicalprotectionandfarmers'povertyalleviationinthesoilandwatererosion-proneregion.Areviewandassessmentofthebackground,essentials,effects,problemsandtrendoftheGrainforTreepolicyisofgreatsignificanceforbothChinaandtheotherdevelopingcountriesintheworldintheireffortstocombatthedeterioratingenvironmentandalleviatepoverty.

简介：Watershedsegmentationissuitableforproducingclosedregioncontourandprovidinganaccuratelocalizationofobjectboundary.However,itisusuallypronetoover-segmentationduetothenoiseandirregulardetailswithintheimage.Forthepurposeofreducingover-segmentationwhilepreservingthelocationofobjectcontours,thewatershedsegmentationbasedonmorphologicalgradientreliefmodificationusingvariantstructuringelement(SE)isproposed.Firstly,morphologicalgradientreliefisdecomposedintomulti-levelaccordingtothegradientvalues.Secondly,morphologicalclosingactionusingvariantSEisemployedtoeachlevelimage,wherethelowgradientlevelsetsusethelargeSE,whilethehighgradientlevelsetsusethesmallone.Finally,themodifiedgradientimageisrecomposedbythesuperpositionoftheclosedlevelsets,andwatershedtransformtothemodifiedgradientimageisdonetoimplementthefinalsegmentation.Experimentalresultsshowthatthismethodcaneffectivelyreducetheover-segmentationandpreservethelocationoftheobjectcontours.

简介：Biomass,asfuelwood,isoneofthemajorsourcesofenergyinruralareas,especiallyinthemountainousregionsoftheworld.Astheincreasinghumanpopulationexertsmorepressureontheforesttherebyinducinganadverseeffectonthesustainabilityoftheecosystem,whichconsequentlycausesfuelwoodcrisisatalocallevel,thiscrisisisspatio-temporalinnature.Thus,themajorobjectiveofthisstudyistoassessthesustainabilityoffuelwoodatdifferentprobablescenariosatamicrowatershedlevel.ThepresentstudywasconductedinthePhakotwatershed,theTehriGarhwaldistrictofcentralHimalayainIndia,during2006-2008.Basedonthevegetationcompositioninthestudyarea,thenetprimaryproductivity(NPP)valueoftheOakforest,andmixedoakandsalforests,wasusedforthequantificationoffuelwoodavailabilityinevergreenanddeciduousforests,respectively.Thefuelwooddemandwascalculatedonthebasisofseasonalfuelwoodconsumptionvalues.Nineprobablepermutationsforavailability-demandscenariosassumingtheexistenceofhigh(H),low(L)andaverage(A)conditionswereanalyzedforevaluatingthestress.Theavailableannualharvestablefuelwoodinthewatershedisintheminimumandmaximumrangesof2283.28to4066.00tons,respectively,peryearwhereasithasademandof110.76tonsastheminimumto3659tonsasthemaximumannually.Thisshowsthatinthecurrentavailabilitydemandscenario,thewatersheddoesnothavefuelwoodcrisisinthepresentsituationbutneedstomaintainthesustainabilityofthesystem.Basedonourstudy,itisconcludedthat,globally,morespatio-temporalstudyisrequiredtounderstandtheissuesatthelocallevel.