处理双变量导数题目的四大视角

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2024-03-11
/ 1

                 处理双变量导数题目的四大视角

韩旭

(山东省垦利第一中学  )

摘要:导数作为高考中长盛不衰的热门题型,一直受到广大师生的特别关注,其中双变量问题是其中最常考的考点,本文简要总结了在高考中常用的处理双变量导数的六大视角。

关键字:双变量;同构;极值点;比值换元;主元

视角1.同构型双变量问题.

这一部分主要分为两个方面,一是利用单调性同构,另一个是函数结构同构.下面分别举例说明.

1.已知函数eqIdb2b273725a124bdfa39c2014121a57eeeqId26f237c9d2cd4282b19c6b98170e9d55.若存在eqIdce73ba26f8db4c84bb4019223f71271feqIdd120eb4ac48d4e31a122a75642111f80使得eqIdf76461bde87a41618932d4589b76a2aa成立,则eqId68e862d8283c4713874e7feaa14b46ed的最大值为(    )

【详解】eqIdbd4ca4fc1c304e2b92e8a2264a32bbe0eqIdb1692a2dc88f47ad95a01b84695805e5,由于eqIde618b67967cf4eb2898a71c6e46edb03,则eqId704eecc2b09e40f6b0de4264ba4a6274,同理可知,eqIdb0491e1ee8e24df18ef2faef825c2188,函数eqId9b37d03e47a347fc8fab9f814ba5fac4的定义域为eqIddca4c31f92e1447fb6eceb9fdf294175eqIdc6bb64dec67347a8b9aece3f62747720eqIdbe9871a54a5a4061a2bf3ccbc4bf8d71恒成立,所以,函数eqId9b37d03e47a347fc8fab9f814ba5fac4在区间eqId787fec3796eb4e9983c24c49d247da44上单调递增,同理可知,函数eqId1942541e3e0c43ac97fcf12200fe70a2在区间eqIdcd23deec614f478589b5ff357029ae50上单调递增,

eqId263e197c63894b0088cdb7c548f5e38d,则eqId06095b169a46461cb9e88aba4e009f3beqId72eeba1f829d4f1e99584dadccd10f3e,则eqIdfec6b2a7dc3641cfb5e0cae83d7d5c98

构造函数eqId92b4d8741e5446c3a747daa6c5c30f22,其中eqIdb929aeaba2b04b44ba183486b43e512e,则eqId1ac91c98d60a46019776a8c5361f204b.

eqId92084c996912489a94f75cbe4466a32f时,eqIdebb8e5db11bd4443a0fb65fdcc74acea,此时函数eqIde1b0438b35ad43ab86fccd1a937ebd4e单调递增;当eqId26c67dcee0504efdb545cb7abf7c2ee2时,eqId067cba2fbbd74af5806c40eae0eee239,此时函数eqIde1b0438b35ad43ab86fccd1a937ebd4e单调递减.所以,eqId1ba39361676b4e1ab5c37d1fa6d53cdd.

视角2.值域分析.

2.已知曲线轴交于点,曲线在点处的切线方程为,且(1).设,若存在实数,使成立,求实数的取值范围.

解:设

.若存在实数,使成立,等价于:成立,

.令,则

(1)

的取值范围是

视角3.极值点偏移

例4.(2021新高考1卷)已知函数eqId17cfe9c3b9144f2cbbcf5da00f7ce876.设eqId70a27b6ddf6b478285353abb3b1f3741eqIdaea992e70d4943e49e893817eb885ed7为两个不相等的正数,且eqIdc7f0dda0fe2d4469817d40e084b4f0de,证明:eqIdbd1d756bc6d141f4840667f5aa06024e.

证明:因为eqIdc7f0dda0fe2d4469817d40e084b4f0de,故eqId0543dfb8b1cd438aa0f9b196ffe98e1c,即eqId4bc4469d38084ba9b0b3e3e6780371cb

eqIddcf4a8c10aa2497ca657784dc8962a7f,设eqIde45aa233f0aa4b988722995b638b6a9d,由(1)可知不妨设eqId9091f6a3c4be4a949349b8107a0deac1.

因为eqIdda6dbf4054714e318eb596a5a0d1789b时,eqId0d092f36861b4972b3f813690ede1c6deqId565d8f8d7a884da9932ff7a76b5d92c9时,eqId1a1f263ecaff4b1f8d47bb0c4418decd

eqId9e31ceb02fa9473fbaa739612df117ed.先证:eqIdf19f62a2d7f34586b8ef6bb891ae341d,若eqIdb132615d4af24000b65f15ac22ee8ffdeqIdf19f62a2d7f34586b8ef6bb891ae341d必成立.

eqIdd64d1328534d438db446d1e2bbc538af, 要证:eqIdf19f62a2d7f34586b8ef6bb891ae341d,即证eqId6b72a1a497994535ac4fb4166111b6b9,而eqId9d3cfbeb410a4851b9fbda952c183d52

故即证eqId554f6855ed7848c0afc77d59d3aefdce,即证:eqId3da93d5854024134b9ed1351f6cf4233,其中eqId3c3dc36c02734e00952618c30f62ad15.

eqId4e6cb512e5ce45e791a5e34f6d261eaa(构造偏移函数)

eqId24414e10fac84791a6b5aaee7f17a618eqId82b70cdc14c4400eba25dcc996d3cf0f

因为eqId4830878a11da4de89b0980bb5d5d9dcd,故eqId0c945457a17a4885866834e164c09c3d,故eqId03b467744c99403193b1021508c36585

所以eqId2c98f2e15da84236bb047516b13a8dd7,故eqId28c4c21271884dfeac29ce0222782376eqIda8cefae4538f4c9b904b4491ca9f377d为增函数,所以eqId362545227c46446c996a7c47d05382ee

eqId182c9bd165da4d809243e240bc4b3fe2,即eqId3da93d5854024134b9ed1351f6cf4233成立,所以eqIdf19f62a2d7f34586b8ef6bb891ae341d成立,

综上,eqIdf19f62a2d7f34586b8ef6bb891ae341d成立.

视角4.双变量极值与比值代换

例5.已知函数eqId3ef92006eb9f4d40b78b457df3f125c0有两个不同的极值点eqIdf7cbc1ad0a7b4f97b479c131b62ad882eqId65b480221e7e47daa9c8fb0adf492fe5.

eqId9778a960e5f6498bb10c6b6848df0bc1,求证:eqId2f3ae0c31f5b47af9f9610c3d3a0c25d,且eqId22759ecd78b74d9d98f2cc7734debe3d.

解:由题意可知,eqIdf7cbc1ad0a7b4f97b479c131b62ad882eqIdaecaf42a9cfb4a5c8c0cade53729c9ba为方程eqId0910fdcf07be41bfbba648eba735315b的两个实根,

由于eqId8bf1bebbceb84bd1b7b260f491dc0a34,则eqId2d8bc06fd061439797a61e8e8170b4e9,当eqId9778a960e5f6498bb10c6b6848df0bc1时,eqIdd39c649e14304d94875d7e1378de7703eqId8579e8e015534323aaddb417e50722b8

由(1)可知eqIdc16bdc2853364cce9df8ce3a61afdce9eqIde1cd07a0a1554e9faa3d391606821a35eqIdb4fc4635c8554d388572cf8e80dc792b

eqId5a0056e8b0e84e7eb97514fdc4c6ca66,令eqIde1c58fa5e9554d4a9e51582cbcc3483c,设eqId0e789d0c39874cd1820538c9182dab24eqIdbc82c5424317437e8ffca244b3a4ee6e.

eqId7a889c4e8e5c4038a90dec1a8bb62b36,所以,函数eqId93e32cef49e74989a2cf2c2ce669c3c1eqIdcb79cfbd0e8a43b49fc80ab6ff77de1c上单调递减,

所以,eqId907aa3a1de424a419c6223937d3957c4,因此,eqId22759ecd78b74d9d98f2cc7734debe3d.