从专业的价值观来衡量,笔者认为他们的这些做法已经具有专业的水准。
首先,他们尊重他人——认为人具有与生俱来的价值和尊严。从称呼“学员”到帮助他们就业,无不体现了这种尊严。
其次,他们相信人具有改进的能力——在拥有适当资源的情况下,人有能力成长及改变,所以人应该有获得资源以解决问题,并发展潜力的权力,以增加其对于解决问题和生活方式的选择。①前面所述的每一个方面都充分体现了工作者对成员是充满信心的。
三、对金碧模式的理性思考
金碧模式是基于“小组工作”下的“五心”工程,虽然成绩很大,但也面临着许多问题:
金碧模式本身缺乏专业的价值理念支撑,专业的理论和方法也很少介入,基本上是按照工作者的经验行事,基本上还是一种政府行为。
笔者通过深入的调查分析,根据金碧社区的实际情况和他们所做的有益探索,提出一种全新的金碧模式,供专家和实务工作者参考。
(一)、价值目标
把爱心、真心变成对学员的尊重;把耐心、信心变成对学员潜力的发挥;把心换心变成双方的一种平等地位,一种同理的态度。目标是基于这样一种伦理价值,提高戒断巩固率,使吸毒者心理脱毒,从而回归主流社会。
(二)、理论模式
(三)、方法和技巧
从宏观而言立足社区工作;具体来说以小组工作和个案工作为主。同伴教育是金碧社区成功主要原因。在学员的小组活动过程中开展学员之间的同伴教育,使新学员能很快掌握戒毒的技巧和方法,同时也掌握爱滋病预防的知识和技能。在互动的过程中成员之间彼此分享,从而恢复个人社会功能。
我们的目标是:通过金碧社区使戒毒者回归主流社会的帮教经验总结,试图把“金碧模式”推广到全国乃至全球,使深受毒品危害的人们就如生活在金碧社区的人们一样过上健康幸福的生活,为在全国营造“无毒社区”的目标而努力。
1996年11月31日
Application of Traditional Chinese Value System
in the Group Work
Zhang Heqing, the Department of Social Work, School of Humanities, Yunnan University
With the furtherance of implementing the reformation and “open-door” policies, social problems are becoming pronounced in China. Drug-abuse has become a more and more serious problem internationally, and “to decrease drug reliance and to prevent aids” and to establish drug-free communities have become common goals in the global context. By carrying out investigations in the “rehabilitation centers” and documenting inpidual cases, and by interviewing inpiduals in the “Jinbi Community”, we found that prominent achievements have been made in rehabilitation and preventing reoccurrence or drug-abuse. The working staff of the above mentioned facilities have innovated the “Jinbi Mode”, however, they need to learn from their experiences and continue to adopt professional methods.
The working staff’s efforts are based on the value system which is rooted in traditional Chinese culture. With the collective efforts of the whole group, they have formed a system of mutual reliance, helping members build up their confidence and return to their normal physical and psychological functioning. The seven staff members working in the “Jinbi Community” are retired workers of over 60 years old. They work with the idea to offer “parental love” and unreserved devotion without the least consideration on financial benefit for themselves: they simply hope to achieve something at their old ages. There are 14 members (8 males and 6 females) undergoing rehabilitation in the “Parental Love Group”. The rehabilitation mode has been converted from didactic preaching to devotion and respect for the members’ inpidualities. Being respected, the members are willing to tell the truth, and reoccurrence of drug-abuse have been better prevented year by year. Some of them have been employed and some have got married and began to raise children. Such sayings as “tell the truth and act accordingly” and “tell a truth and make a promise” have proven effective encouragement. The working staff is highly trusted by members being rehabilitated. As the saying goes, “confidence for confidence”, the members regard the community as their own home and look on the working staff as their folks. Though not willing to tell their parents their minds, they open their heats to the working staff and share their ideas among themselves. This is a professional method of social work---“team work”. Monthly activities, the “rehabilitation classes”, are held in the community. Beginning from 1996, more than 100 classes have been held. Participants are requested to design the programs and preside over the classes. In so doing, they share experiences among themselves and become rehabilitated together. This, in fact, is an experiment in the professional sense.