简介：Ascanningnear-fieldopticalmicroscopeusinguncoatedfibertipisdescribed,whichcanworkintransmissionandreflectionconfigurations,bothcapableofworkinginilluminationandcollection-mode,sothateithertransparentoropaquesamplecanbeinvestigated.Dependingondifferentapplications,eitherconstant-gaporconstant-heightimagescanbeachieved.Acompacthomemadetranslatorpermitstoselectinterestedareaofsampleintherangeof4mm×4mm.Workingintheconstant-heightaswellastransmissionandcollection-modeconfiguration,severalkindsofsamplessuchasholographicgrating,liposomeandzeolitewereinvestigated.TheexperimentalresultsrevealedthedependenceoftheopticalresolutionoftheSNOMonthetip-sampleseparation.

简介：Thispaperdevelopesatemperaturecontrolsysteminordertocarryoutarealtimeandcontinuousobservationonlivingcellsunderthemicroscope.Inthissystem,transparentindiumtinoxid(ITO)conductivefilmwasusedasaheater,temperaturewasmeasuredbythetemperaturedependenceofresistancebehavioroftheITOfilm,C8051F340single-clupwasusedasthecontrolhardwarecore,andthemodifiedPIDalgorithmandpulsewidthmodulation(PWM)wereadoptedasthekeycontrolsoftwareprograms.Thetemperaturesystemhadasimplestructurewithoutaddedtemperaturesensor,anuniformtemperaturedistributionwithin±1℃ontheITOfilmsurfaceandtemperaturecontrolprecisionof±0.2℃couldbeobtained.ThesystemcouldmaintainagoodgrowthstateforBHK-21livingcellunderthemicroscopefor48h.

简介：ASchwarzschildmicroscopewithanumericalapertureof0.2andamagnificationof130ina100μmfieldofview(FOV)isdesignedandisworkingat13.5nm.Meanwhile,aCCDisusedasadetectorwithapixelsizeof13μm×13μmandimagingareaof13mm×13mm.Theimagingqualitywithtolerancesofsystemanderrorsofmirrorsareconsidered.Weobtainthatthebeston-axesobjectresolutioncanbeuptoabout200nm,theaveragevalueis230nm,andtheresolutionisabout360nmat80μmFOV.

简介：离子光子排放显微镜学(IPEM)是新导致离子的排放显微镜学。它与高精力和在一件样品上侵犯的低fluence率采用一根宽广离子横梁。一个单个离子的位置被一个光系统与联合的客观透镜，棱柱，显微镜试管和充电检测设备(电荷耦合器件)。与Ag离子做的一部薄ZnS电影被用作光材料。在照耀的Cl离子创造的ZnS(Ag)电影的光子的产生效率和传播效率是计算的。一个单个Cl离子光显微镜的图象被高量效率电荷耦合器件观察。在这个IPEM系统给的一个单个Cl离子的分辨率是6m。影响分辨率的几个因素被讨论。一根硅二极管被用来收集事件离子引起的电的信号。光图象和电子信号的有效、意外的巧合被说明。单个事件效果的一张二维的地图根据有效巧合的数据被抽出。

简介：Atomicforcemicroscope(AFM)wasusedtoinvestigatethearrangementofcellulosemicrofibrils(CMF)inMosobamboo(Phyllostachyspubescens)fibers.Twomethodsofsamplepreparationwereusedherefordifferentpurposes.Thefirstmethodwaschemicalmacerationwithamixtureofhydrogenperoxideandglacialaceticacid,throughwhichtheobtainedfibersweresuitableforobservingtheorientationofCMFintheprimarywal1.Theothermethodwastopreparetangentialmicrotomedsectionswithathicknesso...

简介：Capillaryforcesaresignificantlydominantinadhesiveforcesmeasuredwithanatomicforcemicroscope(AFM)inambientair,whicharealwaysthoughttobedependentonwaterfilmthickness,relativehumidity,andthefreeenergyofwaterfilm.Westudythenatureofthepull-offforceonavarietyofsurfacesasafunctionoftipvelocity.Itisfoundthatthecapillaryforcesareofrelativelystrongdependenceontipvelocity.ThepresentexperimentisexpectedtoprovideabetterunderstandingoftheworkmechanismofAFMinambientair.

简介：Basedonapproximatetheoreticalanalysesonatypiealsphericalcellcontainingasphericalmicrovoid,theinfluencesofmatrixmaterials’microscopicscaleonthemacroscopicconstitutivepotentialthe-oryofporousmaterialandmicrovoidgrowthhavebeeninvestigatedindetail.Byassumingthattheplasticde-formationbehaviorofmatrixmaterialsfollowsthestraingradient(SG)plastictheoryinvolvingthestretchandrotationgradients,theratio(λ=l/a)ofthematrixmaterials’intrinsiccharacteristicLengthltothemicro-voidradiusaisintrodncedintotheplasticconstitutivepotentialandthevoidgrrothlaw.Thepresentresultsindicatethat,whentheradiusaofmicrovoidsiscomparablewiththeintrinsiccharacteristiclengthlofthematrixmaterials,theinfluenceofmicroscopicsizeeffectonneithertheconstitutivepotentialnorthemicro-voidevolutionpredictedcanheignored.Andwhenthevoidradiusaismuchlagerthantheintrinsiccharac-teristiclengthlofthematrixmaterials,thepresentmodelcanretrogressautomaticallytotheimprovedGur-sonmodelthattakesintoaccountthestrainhardeningeffectofmatrixmaterials.

简介：Remote-modemicrospherenanoscopecanobservethenano-structureswith23nmfeaturesize.Itdoesnotrequiresamplepreparationandfunctionsinbothambientairandliquidenvironments.ComparedwiththescientificcharacterizationtoolslistedinTableS1,thesimpleandportablenaturemakesthemicrospherenanoscopeafavorablesolutionforgeneralpurposeimaginginpracticalfields,likehospitals,foodindustry,semiconductorproductionlines,schoolsandenvironmentagencies.

简介：

简介：Atomicforcemicroscope(AFM)isabletoproducethree-dimensionaldigitaldatainbothforcemodeandheight-modeanditsapplicationsarenotlimitedtomapthesurfacesofconductingmaterials.Itcanusetheforce-modetoimagetherepulsiveandattractiveforcepatterns.ThecrosssectionsofpolycrystallineCdS/CdTeandamorphoussiliconheterojunctionsolarcellsareobservedwithAFM.Incaseofshortcircuit,themicrostructuresofdifferentlayersinthesamplesareclearlydisplayed.Whenthecellsareopencircuit,thetopographicalimagesarealtered,thepotentialoutlineduetothespacechargeinjunctionregionisobserved.Obviously,AFMcanbeemployedtoinvestigateexperimentallybuilt-inpotentialinjunctionofsemiconductordevices,suchassolarcells.

简介：Anovelatomicforcemicroscope(AFM)forlargesamplestobemeasuredinliquidisdeveloped.Aninnovativelaserbeamtrackingsystemisproposedtoeliminatethetrackingandfeedbackerrors.TheopenprobedesignoftheAFMmakestheoperationinliquidconvenientandeasy.Astandard1200-lines/mmgratingandasheetoffilterpaperareimagedrespectivelyinairandliquidtoconfirmitsperformance.Thecorrosionbehaviorofaluminumsurfacein1-mol/LNaOHsolutionisfurtherinvestigatedbytheAFM.Experimentalresultsshowthatthesystemcanrealizewiderange(20×20(μm))scanningforlargesamplesbothinairandliquid,whilekeepingnanometerorderresolutioninliquidbyeliminatingthetrackingandfeedbackerror.

简介：ThemicrostructuresoffaultrocksfromtheWasatchfaultzoneinUtah（USA）havebeenstudiedusingapolarizingmicroscope,ascanningelectronmicroscope（SEM）andanultrahigh-voltageelectronmicroscope（HVHM）.Thisfaultzonemayberecognizedasoneawithlonghistoryofseismicactivityaccordingtothemicrostructuralcharacteristicssuchastype,deformationcharacteristics,meltingstructureandsurfacetexturesofthefaultrocks.However,themainfaultnowpresentseemsnottohavebeennoticeablyactivesincethelatePleistocene（Q3）,asshownbytheeroded-surfacetextureonthequartzfragmentsinthefaultgouge.Meanwhile,thosefaultssupposedtobestronglyactiveinmoderntimesarebranchingfaultsmuchclosertothebasinsideandarecoveredbytheHolocenesedimentsinthebasin.

简介：Chip-basedflow-throughPCRimplementsthePCRasacontinuousprocessfornucleicacidanalytics.Thesampleistransportedinawindingchannelthroughtemperaturezonesrequiredfordenaturation,annealingandextension.Mainfieldsofapplicationarethemonitoringofcontinuousprocessesforrapididentificationofcontaminantsandqualitycontrolaswellashighthroughputscreeningofcellsormicroorganisms.Amodulararrangementwithfiveheatingzonesforflow-throughPCRisdiscussedandevaluated.Thespecialheaterarrangementallowstheimplementationofupto40cyclesonthefootprintofamicroscopeslide,whichisplacedontopofa5zonesheatingplate.Liquid/liquidtwophaseflowofPCRreactionmixtureandmineraloilhavebeenappliedtocreateasegmentedflowprocessscheme.Inthatway,thedevelopedsystemmayprovideflow-throughPCRasaunitoperationforthedropletbasedmicrofluidicsplatform.ThesingleuseofdisposabledevicesiscommonlypreferredduetothesensitivityofthePCRprocesstocontaminations.All-glassmicrofluidicchipsanddisposablechipdevices,madefrompolycarbonateasareplicationwithidenticallygeometry,havebeenfabricatedandtested.Forthefirsttime,microchannelgeometrieswithnearlycircularprofiledevelopedbyall-glasstechnologyhavebeentransferredtomassfabricationbyinjectioncompressionmolding.Bothdeviceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedforthedetectionofthetumorsuppressorgenep53.Althoughproductyieldandselectivityoftheamplificationprocessdonotdependonthechipmaterial,awelldefined,reliablesegmentedflowregimecouldonlyberealizedintheall-glasschip.

简介：Wereportthatβ’-Gd2(MoO4)3crystalshavebeengrownbytheCzochralski(CZ)method.Westudiedthegrowthconditionsfoβ’-Gd2(MoO4)3crystal.Acompatisonbetweentheresistance-heatedmethodandradiofrequencyinduction-heatedmethodisdescribed.Also,theinsituobservationofthedomainstructurebythemicroscopeandbysynchrotronradiationX-raytopographyundertheconditionsofDCpolarizationvoltageandtempertaturechangewerecarriedout.Experimentsshowedthatmultidomainstructureincludingferroelectricandferroelasticdomainsoccurredinβ’-Gd2(MoO4)3cystal.Usuallyferroeletiricdomainsappearedintheas-growncrystalandferroelasticdomainsappearedinthepolishedthinnerpiece.BothferroelectricandferroelasticdomainsdisappearedwhenthetemperatureofthecrystalpiecewashigherthantheCurietempperatureTcandtheycouldbereproducedwhenthetemperatureofthecrystalpiecewasloweredbelowTC.WhenaDCpolarizationvoltagerangingfrom150to500Vwasappliedonac-axisβ’-Gd2(MoO4)3piecehavingathicknessof0.5mm,themultidomainwouldgraduallytransformtoasingledomain.Thisresualmeansthatitispossibletomakeaperiodicallypoledβ’-Gd2(MoO4)3crystal.2001ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.