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简介：Higherlevelsofmoderate-to-vigorousphysicalactivity(MVPA),andmaybeevenlightphysicalactivity(LPA),havebeenrelatedtobetterhealth,~1motorskills,~2andcognitive~3outcomesinvirtuallyallageandabilitygroups.Problematically,however,mostpeopleingeneralarenotpronetoenjoyandparticipateinsubstantialamountsofphysicalactivity(PA),~4

简介：Purpose:ThepurposeofthisquantitativereviewwastosummarizethestateofElliot’sHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivation,specificallytheantecedentsofthe2×2achievementgoalsinthesport,physicalactivity,andphysicaleducationliterature.Inaddition,theintercorrelationsamongstthe2×2goalswerealsoexamined.Methods:Asystematicreviewoftheliteraturewasconducted.Meta-analyticprocedureswereusedwiththemeanweightedsamplecorrelation(rw)astheeffectsizemetric.TheantecedentswerecodedbyElliot’s(1999)antecedentcategories.Anumberofmoderatorswerecodedapriori.Results:Basedonafixedeffectsmodelfrom47publishedstudies(totaluniquen=15,413)thatmetinclusioncriteria,the2×2achievementgoalsweresignificantlycorrelatedamongsteachotherrangingfromsmalltomediumtolargeinmeaningfulness.Concerningtheantecedents,overalltheyweretheoreticallycorrectinassociations,butonlyafewoftherelationshipsweremediuminmeaningfulness.Mostrelationshipsweresmallinmeaningfulness.Heterogeneitywaspresentfortheinterrcorrelationandantecedentanalyses.Conclusion:FutureresearchisencouragedtogrowandenrichtheunderstandingofachievementgoalswithinElliot’scompleteHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivationtoincludebothantecedentsandoutcomessimultaneouslytoimproveupontheunderstandingofachievementmotivationinsport,exercise,andphysicalactivitysettings.

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简介：DearEditor,IntheDecember2016issueofJournalofSportandHealthScience,Dr.BarbaraE.Ainsworthhighlightedaglobalviewofyouthphysicalactivity(PA)basedontheresultsfromtheGlobalMatrix2.0.~1Joining38countrieson6continents,China,asthemostpopulouscountryintheworld,hasforthefirsttimepresentedits2016ReportCardon9indicatorsofPA.Unfortunately,China’sinauguralReportCardshowsanFratingassignedtoboththeoverallPAlevelandsedentarybehaviors

简介：Deareditor,In2016,severallandmarkgovernmentinitiativeswerelaunchedinanefforttobuildamorehealthyChina.InMarch,theNationalPeople’sCongressofChinaadoptedthe13thFiveYearPlan,whichsetsoutnewobjectives,principles,andtargetsfor2016–2020,1includingactionplansforenhancingenvironmentalprotectionandgreengrowth,promotingindividualand

简介：Background:Lately,physicalactivity(PA)inyounggirlshasbeenfrequentlydiscussed,thuswewereinterestedtoexaminewhetheramentaltraininginterventioncanincreasethelevelofPAinyounggirls.Methods:Asampleof56girlsaged15.4±0.3years(mean±SD)wasassignedtoeithertheinterventionorcontrolgroup.Wethenconducteda6-weekmentalimagerytrainingprogramonyoungfemaleparticipants.PAwasevaluatedwithobjectiveaccelerometermonitors.Physicalself-conceptwasalsoassessedinallparticipants.Results:Youngfemales'PAincreasedafteracourseofmentaltrainingcomparedtofemaleparticipantsincontrolgroup.Furthermore,physicalself-conceptimprovedrelatedtomentaltrainingprogram.Conclusion:ExerciseimagerymaybeaneffectivemethodofPAincreasebesidespsychologicalenhancementinyounggirls.

简介：Background:Playersmaynotacquireadequatelevelsofmoderate-to-vigorousphysicalactivity(MVPA)whenplayingcommercialvideogames.Thisstudy’sgoalwastoevaluatetheeffectsofanexercisebikevideogameplayedbyusingamobileapplication-basedexergamethatwasdesignedexclusivelytopromoteparticipants’MVPA,withadditionalattentionpaidtothisgame’sabilitytopromotegreatersituationalinterest.Methods:Anexperimentaldesignwasusedwith163students(aged20.31±1.30,18–26years,61.3%male),allofwhomwererandomlyallocatedintoanexperimentalgroupandacontrolgroup.Physicalactivity(PA)levelswereassessedwithActiGraphGT3X+(ActiGraphInc.,FortWaltonBeach,FL,USA)accelerometers.Thesituationalinterestscalewasusedtoevaluatestudents’situationalinterestinbothgroups.Multivariateanalysisofvariancewasconductedtoexaminethedifferencesbetweensedentarybehavior,PAlevels,andsituationalinterestbetweengroups.Regressionanalyseswerealsoused,withthepurposebeingtoevaluatethestrengthoftherelationshipbetweenPAandsituationalinterest.Results:Resultsrevealedthattheexperimentalgrouphadhigherdegreesofsedentarybehavior,lightPA,totalinterest,instantenjoyment,explorationintention,attentiondemand,novelty,andchallenge,whereasthecontrolgroupreceivedhigherscoresforMVPA(control95.01%vs.experimentalgroup89.94%).Regressionanalysisindicatedthatinstantenjoyment(β=0.49,p<0.01),explorationintention(β=0.18,p<0.05),andattentiondemand(β=0.17,p<0.05)werepositivepredictorsfortotalinterest,explaining43%ofitsvariance.Conclusion:Anewlydesignedmobileapplication-basedexergameplayedviaanexercisebikemayenhancesituationalinterestandprovideadecentlevelofPAforplayers.

简介：Thisstudyinvestigatesthemigrationanddistributionofthewarm-temperatefishNibeaalbiflora.TheirspawningmigrationandwinteringmigratoryrouteswithinintheYellowSeaaredescribedindetail.ConsideringthemainphysicalfeaturesandenvironmentoftheYellowSea,itappearstobehaveonewinteringgroundandthreemigratoryroutesfromthewinteringgroundtothespawninggrounds.ThefishbegintomigratefromthewinteringgroundtothespawninggroundsinthenorthwestregionoftheYellowSeainlateMarch.TheYellowSeahasthreespawninggrounds.ThefirstislocatedneartheYaluRiverontheLiaodongPeninsulaandthesecondoneislocatedinRushanBayofShandongPeninsula.ThethirdspawninggroundislocatedinHaizhouBayinthesouthernregionoftheYellowSea.ThisstudyfoundthatthetemperatureoftheYellowSeainfluencesthemigrationofN.albiflora,andthatthemigratoryroutescoincidewiththethermalfrontsinthesea.Nutrientsforjuvenilefisharetakenfromthecoastalupwellingarea.Chlorophyllisagoodenvironmentalindicatorofphytoplanktonbiomassandtherebyprovidesthestatusofbiologicalresources.Differenttypesofsedimentinnear-shorezonesarealsoofpracticalsignificanceforthegrowthoffish.Thestudyoftheeffectsofmarineenvironmentsonthemigrationofvariousfishesisnotonlysignificanttothefishingindustry,butcanalsoprovideascientificbasisfortheunderstandingoftheecologicalimplicationsoftherelevantphysicalprocesses.

简介：Giventherisingtrendinobesityinchildrenandyouthandage-relateddeclineinmoderate-to-vigorous-intensityphysicalactivity(MVPA)inseveralWestern,African,andAsian-Pacificcountries~1andstrongevidencethatpastphysicalactivity(PA)interventionshavehadonlyasmalleffectonchildren’sandyouth’soverallactivitylevels,~2itisimportanttoclarifywhetherschool-basedPAinterventionswarrantresourceallocation.Schoolsrepresentanaccessibleandcost-effectivesetting

简介：Physicalinactivityhasbeenidentifiedasoneoftheleadingcausesofmanychronicdiseasessuchascardiovasculardisease,type2diabetes,andobesity.Technologysuchasvideogamesplaysacomplicatedroleinphysicalinactivity—muchlikeadouble-edgedsword.Traditionally,videogameshavecontributedtotheepidemicofphysicalinactivityandhavebeen

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简介：Background:Physicalactivity(PA)duringpregnancyprovidesphysicalandpsychologicalbenefitsformotherandchild.U.S.guidelinesrecommend≥30minofmoderateexerciseforhealthypregnantwomenmostdaysoftheweek;however,mostwomendonotmeettheserecommendations.Theoryassistsinidentifyingsalientdeterminantsofhealthbehaviortoguidehealthpromotioninterventions;however,theapplicationoftheorytoexaminePAamongpregnantwomenhasnotbeenexaminedcohesivelyamongmultiplelevelsofinfluence(e.g.,intrapersonal,interpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,andorganizational/political).Subsequently,thissystematicreviewaimstoidentifyandevaluatetheuseofhealthbehaviortheoryinstudiesthatexaminePAduringpregnancy.Methods:ArticlespublishedbeforeJuly2014wereobtainedfromPubMedandWebofScience.Inclusioncriteriaappliedwere:(1)empiricallybased;(2)peer-reviewed;(3)measuredfactorsrelatedtoPA;(4)comprisedapregnantsample;and(5)appliedtheory.Fourteenstudieswereincluded.Eachstudy'sapplicationoftheoryandtheoreticalconstructswereevaluated.Results:VarioustheorieswereutilizedtoexplainandpredictPAduringpregnancy;yet,themajorityofthesestudiesonlyfocusedonintrapersonalleveldeterminants.Fivetheoreticalframeworkswereappliedacrossthestudies—allbutoneattheintrapersonallevel.Fewdeterminantsidentifiedwerefromtheinterpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,ororganizational/politicallevels.Conclusion:ThissystematicreviewsynthesizedtheliteratureontheoreticalconstructsrelatedtoPAduringpregnancy.Interpersonal,community,andsocietallevelsremainunderstudied.Futureresearchshouldemploytheory-drivenmulti-leveldeterminantsofPAtoreflecttheinteractingfactorsinfluencingPAduringthiscriticalperiodinthelifecourse.

简介：Background:Studieshaveindicatedthatthereisapositiveandindirectrelationshipbetweenphysicalactivity(PA)andqualityoflife(QoL).Thecurrentstudyexaminedthisrelationshipthroughasocialcognitivemodelwithconsiderationtotheintermediaryeffectsofexerciseself-efficacy,andphysical(PCS,physicalcomponentsummary)andpsychological(MCS,mentalcomponentsummary)health.Additionally,thismodelwaswidenedtoincludeconceptsfromtheecologicaltheory,andanycausalassociationsamongneighborhoodenvironment,PA,andQoL.Methods:Sixhundredandeighty-fourphysicallyactiveadults(39.16±13.52years,mean±SD),livinginAthens,Greece,completedaseriesofquestionnairesmeasuringPA,QoL,exerciseself-efficacy,PCS,MCS,neighborhoodenvironment,andfamilyandfriendsupportforPA.Theexaminedmodelswereanalyzedusingstructuralequationmodeling.Results:Thesocialcognitiveandecologicalmodelsprovedtobeofappropriatefit.Withinthesocialcognitivemodel,PApositivelyaffectedQoLthroughthemediatingeffectsofexerciseself-efficacy,PCS,andMCS.Withregardstotheecologicalmodel,neighborhoodenvironmentpositivelyinfluencedQoLthroughtheintermediaryeffectsoffamilysupportforPA,exerciseself-efficacy,PA,PCS,andMCS.Conclusion:Resultsindicatedthatthemostimportantmediatorsintheexaminedmodelswereexerciseself-efficacyandhealth.Further,findingsdemonstratedtheroleofneighborhoodenvironmentinenhancingPAandQoL.Futurestudiesshouldbecarriedoutapplyinglongitudinaldataforabetterunderstandingoftheseassociationsovertime.

简介：BackgroundDesigning在孩子和少年的年龄评价的一条简单、可存取的途径是运动和物理活动(PA)的领域里的大挑战。这研究被设计开发并且验证在代表性的研究在2014进行了的年轻children.MethodsIn估计年龄的一个physical-examination-based方法，我们执行了物理考试并且在上海在14,970小学孩子7-12岁之中估计了PA，中国。孩子们高度和出生日期的另外的生物信息通过他们的父母被查明。二指示物被使用开发一个性特定的年龄评价方程：预言的成熟高度(PPMH)和更黝黑的阶段的百分比。方程通过一条k褶层交叉验证途径被验证。到为评价精确性的支票，在估计的年龄(EA)和按年代先后的年龄和PA的差异之间的协会是EA的性特定的方程如下是的examined.ResultsThe：EA男孩=-6.071+6.559更黝黑的2+13.315更黝黑的3+14.130更黝黑的4+0.190PPMH-0.071更黝黑2

简介：火影响物理、化学的性质和土壤自然生态系统的生物活动。这研究在唐米燕区域被进行，在西方的伊朗的Ilam省。学习地点是110公顷，在我们在被火严厉分类的区域取样了土壤的地方：低(LS)，高度(HS)和中等严厉(MS)，并且未燃(UB)，它用作控制。在每个严厉班上，25个横断点随机为测量被选择。在每个横断阴谋中心附近，3件土壤样品随机被选择，土壤收集了从0～20?厘米深度被合为在实验室分析被使用在那个点代表条件的一件合成样品。在UB和LS火类上的阴谋有类似的土壤条件并且有象浸透的潮湿，器官的碳，二氧化碳，和淤泥和泥土内容那样的因素的更高的值。相反，在HS和MS火严厉班上的阴谋沿着在土壤酸味，电的传导性，阳离子交换能力，可存取的磷，可存取的钾，体积密度，和沙代表了坡度的第一轴在积极方向被聚类。土壤属性在HS和MS火严厉班的区域是类似的，而在LS班和UB控制上的土壤条件是很类似的。在LS区域任何一个的火显著地没改变物理化学药品的土壤性质和微生物引起的基础呼吸，否则土壤能在被烧以后快速恢复。

简介：Background:Althoughemergingresearchisdemonstratingthepotentialhealthimpactofexergaming,investigationshaveprimarilybeenconductedinlaboratorysettingsamongsmallsampleswithshort-terminterventions.Informationontheeffectivenessofexergaminginunderservedchildren’sobjectivephysicalactivity(PA)inpopulation-basedsettingsisalsoscarce.Moreover,mostempiricalstudieshaveonlyincluded1typeofexergameintheintervention.Therefore,thisstudy’spurposewastoinvestigatethelong-termimpactofamultigameexergaminginterventionamongunderservedchildrenintegratedwithinschoolcurricula.Specifically,thisstudyexaminedtheeffectofexergamingonchildren’saccelerometer-determinedsedentarybehavior(SB),lightPA,moderate-to-vigorousPA(MVPA),andenergyexpenditure(EE)over2yearsascomparedwithregularphysicaleducation(PE)classes.Methods:Atotalof261second-andthird-gradechildren(134girls,127boys;meanage8.27years)wererecruitedfrom2Texaselementaryschools.Children’spre-test3-daySB,lightPA,MVPA,andEEatschoolwereassessedinthefallof2012.Participantswereassignedto1of2groups:(1)exergaming/PEgroup(125minweeklyofexergaming-basedPAprogram)and(2)comparisongroup(125minweeklyofPE).PA(SB,lightPA,andMVPA)andEEoutcomevariableswereassessedagainin2013(post-test)and2014(follow-up).Results:SignificanttimeeffectswereobservedforSB(F(1,162)=25.0,p<0.01,η~2=0.14),lightPA(F(1,162)=9.6,p<0.01,η~2=0.06),andMVPA(F(1,162)=6.2,p=0.01,η~2=0.04)butnotforEE(F(1,162)=0.63,p>0.05,η~2=0.004).Subsequentpairwisecomparisonsrevealedsignificantincreasesfrompre-topost-testforlightPA(p<0.01),MVPA(p<0.01),andEE(p=0.02)withnochangesinSB(p>0.05).Conversely,significantdecreasesoccurredinlightPA(p<0.01)frompost-testtofollow-upwithnodifferencesseeninMVPA(p=0.08)andEE(p=0.06)overthesametimeperiod.Asignificantincreasewasseen,however,forSBfrompost-testtofollow-up.Conclusion:Exergami

简介：Background:Thewell-roundeddevelopmentofthechild,includingphysical,cognitive,emotional,andsocialhealth,maybethemostefficientroutetowell-beingandacademicsuccess.Theprimarygoalwastoinvestigatethefeasibilityofimplementinga12-weekstructuredprogramofphysicalactivity(PA)incorporatingcognitive,social,andemotionalelementsinpreschool.Additionally,thisstudy,usingawithin-subjectdesign,examinedtheacuteeffectsofaPAsessiononclassroomengagementandchangesonperceivedcompetenceandpeeracceptancefromthefirsttothelastweekoftheprogram.Methods:Twenty-sevenpreschoolers(meanage=4.2years)completedthePictorialScaleofPerceivedCompetenceandSocialAcceptanceforYoungChildrenbeforeandafteratwice-weeklyPAprogram.Unobtrusiveclassroomobservationswereconductedforverbal,social,andaffectiveengagementduringthefirstandlastweekoftheprogram,bothfollowingastructuredPAsession(experimentalday)andonadaywithoutPA(controlday).Treatmentfidelitywasmonitoredtoensurethattheinterventionwasdeliveredasdesigned.Results:ThechildrenexhibitedlongerperiodsofverbalandsocialengagementduringclassroomperiodsthatfollowedPAsessionsthanonnon-PAdays.ChildrenalsoexpressedmorepositiveaffectfollowingPAsessionsduringthelastweekofthePAprogram.Despitehighbaselinescores,perceptionsofgeneralcompetenceincreasedmeaningfully(η2=0.15,p=0.05),drivenbyincreaseinperceptionsofcognitivecompetence(η2=0.15,p=0.06).Conclusion:ThisstudydemonstratesthefeasibilityofprovidingstructuredPAprogramtopreschoolers.Moreover,theseinitialfindingssuggestthatpurposelydesigned,structuredPAmayhelpadvancethesocial–emotionalengagementandperceivedcompetenceofpreschoolchildren.