简介:摘要小组合作学习是现在我们大力提倡的一种学习方式,它更好地发展了学生的自主学习能力,培养了学生们的合作精神。但这种教学模式却对教师提出了更高的要求,怎样扮演好两者的角色,使师生活动相得益彰,使教学活动更有效,这是值得我们思考的问题。课堂中的小组合作学习活动应自然融入课堂教学设计之中,合理分组是合作式学习取得成功的前提,有效地开展活动是合作学习取得成功的必要条件。
简介:Oculardrugtransportbarriersposeachallengefordrugdeliverycomprisingtheocularsurfaceepithelium,thetearfilmandinternalbarriersoftheblood-aqueousandblood-retinabarriers.Oculardrugdeliveryefficiencydependsonthebarriersandtheclearancefromthechoroidal,conjunctivalvesselsandlymphatic.Traditionaldrugadministrationreducestheclinicalefficacyespeciallyforpoorwatersolublemoleculesandfortheposteriorsegmentoftheeye.Nanoparticles(NPs)havebeendesignedtoovercomethebarriers,increasethedrugpenetrationatthetargetsiteandprolongthedruglevelsbyfewinternalsofdrugadministrationsinlowerdoseswithoutanytoxicitycomparedtotheconventionaleyedrops.Withtheaidofhighspecificityandmultifunctionality,DNANPscanberesultedinhighertransfectionefficiencyforgenetherapy.NPscouldtargetatcornea,retinaandchoroidbysurficialapplicationsandintravitrealinjection.ThisreviewisconcernedwithrecentfindingsandapplicationsofNPsdrugdeliverysystemsforthetreatmentofdifferenteyediseases.