简介:摘要礼貌现象普遍存在于各种不同的社会文化和语言环境中,它制约着人们的言行,因国家、地区、文化、历史的差异与区别,它有不同的表现形式与表现内容,协调着人们的行为规范,协调着群体关系的和谐与团结,是人们进行交际时要达到良好效果所不能忽视的一个重要方面。
简介:<正>"TheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentwascreatedbyintegratingMarxismwiththerealityofcontemporaryChinaandwiththeunderlyingfeaturesofourtimes,anditfullyembodiestheMarxistworldviewonandmethodologyfordevelopment.ThistheoryprovidesnewscientificanswerstothemajorquestionsofwhatkindofdevelopmentChinashouldachieveinanewenvironmentandhowthecountryshould
简介:<正>TheexpressionRnyingMa-pameans"ancient"or"old".TheRnyingMa-pasectmaintainedthatitisancientbecausePad-mavbyung-gnasestablisheditsdoctrinesinthe8thcentury,aboutthreehundredyearsearlierthantheoriginofTibetanBuddhism’sothersects.Withregardto"old",theRnyingMa-pasectclaimedtofocusontheteachingsofOldTantricMysticism,basicallythosetranslatedduringtheTuboperiod.ThedivisionofTibetanBuddhismintovarioussectsdifferedfromthatofHinayanaandMahayanainIndianBuddhism.TheseparationofHinayanaintoeighteenschoolswas