简介:Marketbasedinitiativesformanagementofdegradingecosystemsandtheirserviceshavereceivedtheaddedattentionasoneoftheinnovativeresponsesintherecentyears.Thoseinitiativessuchasdirectandindirectpaymentforecosystemserviceslikepremiumforrainforesthoney,paymentbythepeopleatthelowerreachtothoseattheupperreachforthewatershedservicesetc.havedrawntheattentionofthedecisionmakersastheyhaveprovedtobefarmorecosteffective.Thispapersynthesizesthekeymessagesfromsomeofthecelebratedbutwellestablishedmarketforecosystemservicesacrosstheworld.Theecosystemservicesconsideredinthepaperarecar-bon,watershedservicesandbiodiversity.Wefindthatwhilecrediblevaluationofecosystemservicesforallservicesremainacriticalconcernbehindsettingupthepaymentmechanism,absentofnecessaryinstitutionalframeworkmayseriouslyunderminethisinnovativeresponseformanagementofecosystems.Inthepaper,necessaryinstitution-almechanismsenablingthemarketforthoseserviceshavebeensketchedout.Keymessagesfromthosecaseshavebeensynthesized.
简介:Itisveryimportanttoanalyzeandevaluatethebenefitsofmeteorologicalservicesforpolicydecision-makingandtakingprecautionsagainstmeteorologicaldisasters.Inthisstudy,amodelforevaluatingthebenefitsofmeteorologicalservicesforindustriesisconstructed,withthecombiningmethodofdose-responseandcontingencyassessment,andalsoabsorbingothercountries'experience.Accordingtothismodel,andreferringtothepracticalvalueofthecontributionofmeteorologicalservicestotypicalenterprises,expertscalculatedthebenefitsofmeteo-rologicalservicesforeveryindustry.Byapplyingthismodel,andtakingtheevaluationframeworkof'todeterminewhichindustriesaremeteorology-sensitive'-'toevaluatethebenefitsofmeteorologicalservices'-'togetthetotalbenefitsofmeteorologicalservice',evaluationandanalysisonthetotalbenefitsofmeteorologicalserviceswasdonewithcasestudy.Accordingtothisstudy,theannualmeanbenefitsofmeteorologicalservicesareknownasnolessthan279.3billionyuan(costexcluded)inpresentnationaleconomicalenvironment.
简介:TheValueoftheWorld'sEcosystemServicesandNaturalCapitalbyCostanzain1997isgenerallyre-gardedasamonumentfortheresearchofvaluingecosystemservices.However,theclassificationofecosystemser-vices,themethodofvariousservicessummationandthepurposeforstaticglobalvaluehadbeconfrontedbymanycriticisms.Basedonthesummaryofthesecriticisms,suggestions,relatedfunctionassessmentandfurtherstudydirection,thesustainabilityofecosystemservicesispresented.Thetwobasicindicatorsinecology,productivityandbiodiversity,respectivelycharacteringtheabilityofproducingandself-organizing,notonlyrepresenttheinternalfunctionofecosystem,butalsoareproportionedtoitsexternalfunctionofsupportingandprovidingforhumanlife.Onpresentingthegeneralformofecosystemservicesassessment,thispaperimprovesthemathematicalformulabygivingafunctionadjustingcoefficientcomposedofproductivityandbiodiversity.Theoretically,theintegrationofthetwoindicatorsreflectsthechangesofecosystemservicesatspatialandtemporalscales,canphysicallyassessthesustainabilityofecosystemservices,andbuildafirmscientificfundamentofvalueassessmentforecosystemservices.Objectively,itsapplicationshouldbestrictlytestedinnextstep.
简介:Basedonacomprehensiveanalysisonvariousclassificationsofnaturalresourcevalues,thispapersummarizesanecologicalservicessystemofconstructedwetland(CW)ecosystemsfortheaccountingofecologicaleconomicvalue.Withtheresearch,thewetlandecosystemservicescanbeclassifiedintosixcategories,thatiswastetreatment,foodandmaterialproduction,watersupply,gasregulations,disturbanceandwaterregulations,habitatandrefugeprovision.Fordecisionmakingintermsofenvironmentaleconomicsforwetlandconstruction,ecosystemservicesvalueforthewetlandinSuzhouTaihuLakeNationalTouristandHolidayResortisaccountedfor7,088,769USD/yrthroughEnvironmentalEconomicsAnalysis.Ecosystemservicesvalueofwastetreatmentis825,000USD/yr,thatoffoodandmaterialproductionis1,430USD/yr,thatofwatersupplyis4,752,000USD/yr,thatofgasregulationis2,251USD/yr,thatofdisturbanceandwaterregulationsis1,3721USD/yr,andthatofhabitatandrefugeprovisionvalueis1,494,367USD/yr.TheecosystemservicesvaluesofapilotconstructedwetlandinSuzhouarecomparedwiththoseofotherwetlandsasameanandofatypicalhuman-interferedwetlandinWenzhouofChina.Resultsshowthatinbothfiniteandinfinitetimehorizonsconsidered,thewetlandinSuzhouTaihuLakeNationalTouristandHolidayResorthasthelargestservicesvalue.ThispaperanalyzesalltheprobabilitythatmayweakenthevalueoftheSuzhouTaihuWetlandinordertoprovidesomeadvicesforthewetlandprotection.
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简介:Inthepast,evaluationsofecosystemfunctionsweremostlybasedonCostanza'smodel,whereasthespatial,qualityandtemporalcharacteristicsofregionalecosystemswerenotconsideredinthemodel.Focusingontheseissues,coefficientsofregionaldifference,spatialheterogeneityandwillingness-to-pay(WTP)wereestablishedtomodifyCostanza'smodel,andanewcomprehensivevaluationmodelofecosystemfunctionsisproposed.TheanalyticalresultsindicatethatthecomprehensivemodelcouldevaluateregionalecosystemfunctionsinChinaaccuratelyandprovidemorehelpfulinformationfordecision-making.TheempiricalstudyonZhangbeiCountyinHebeiProvinceshowsthattheintensivehumanactivitiescouldlimittheprovisionofecosystemfunctionswhiletheplannedecologicalprogramsmightpromotetherestorationofecosystemfunctions.
简介:ValuationofecosystemserviceshasbeensoughtaseffectivetoolsthatenablethedecisionmakersindesigningthecosteffectiveresponsepoliciesformanagementofecosystemstowardsalleviatingthepovertyespeciallyineconomicallypoorregionslikeSouthAsia.Variousdirectionsandlinkagesbetweenpovertyanddegradationofecosystemandreducedflowofecosystemservicescanbetterbeunderstoodiftheregulatingserviceslikehydrologicalflowandcarbonsequestrationbyforest,andnutrientcyclingandbioremediationbywetlandscanbecapturedinmonetaryunit.SouthAsiancountriesincludingIndia,Nepal,PakistanandBangladesharethehotspotsofpovertywherepoordependuponvariousecosystemservicesfortheirlivelihoodsandallocationofresourceforconservationofecosystemswouldhaveadditionalmeritifregulatingservicesarecapturedandinternalizedintothepublicpolicy.Thepaperfirstraisesproblematicissuesinvaluationofregulatingecosystemservices,andattemptstolinkitwiththedependenceofpoor.Second,complexitiesofpoverty-ecosystemdynamicsarediscussed.Thirdly,thepossibleinterventiontoachievepovertyalleviationgoalisanalyzedwiththehelpofsomeexamplesfromaccountingandvalua-tionofregulatingservicesofIndianforest.Finally,thepapersuggeststhatgreaterattentionisneededtodocredibleandbettervaluationofregulatingservicessothatinsightsfromthesecanbeusedinunderstandingtheimpactofdegradationofecosystemsonpoorpeople.