简介：Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theresearchesandapplicationofwaterresourcesincludingthegaswaterhavebeenconstantlydeveloped.Throughananalysisontheflawsofthewaterrighttheory,andbyexecutingreconstructionandrenewalofthetheoryandsystemofwaterrightinmodernsociety,thewaterrightpositionofthegaswaterwillbeestab-lished,leadingtothematurityofthewholelaweffectivenessandsubstantialresultsofwaterright.

简介：Producinggoodsandservicesallneedswaterconsumption.Thewaterusedintheprocessofanagriculturalorindustrialproductiscalledthe"VirtualWater"containedinthisproduct.Throughinternationaltrade,water-scarcecountriesandregionscouldpurchasewater-intensiveproducts--especiallyfoods,fromwater-richcountriestobalancetheirwaterdeficitsandachievewatersafety.Chinaisoneofthe13mostwater-deficitcountrieswhosewatersafetyhavebeenseverelychallenged.Thispapergeneralizedtherecentglobalresearchdevelopmentandmadeabriefintroductionaboutthemethodscalculatingvirtualwatercontentinspecificproducts.Asacasestudy,wequalifiedChina'sannualvirtualwaterflowsfromyear2000to2002withtradeincrops,andendedwithsomepolicyadviceforapplicationandpracticeofvirtualwaterstrategy.

简介：Theutilizationofreclaimedwatercouldbeanefficienttooltoalleviatewaterscarcity,especiallyfordryriveraugmentation.However,itiscrucialtomonitorwaterqualitytoensuresafetytohumanhealthandtoavoidnegativeeffectsontheenvironment.ReclaimedwatersampleswerecollectedbimonthlyfromMaytoNovemberin2010inChaobaiRiver,andthephysiochemicalparametersweredetermined.Themainresultsareasfollows:Theparametersexceedingthethresholdvalueofthewaterguidelinesaremainlynutritionrelatedtonitrogenandphosphorus,whichareknowntoincreasetheriskofeutrophicationinsurfacewaters.Additionally,nitriteandnitratecanbedetrimentaltohumanhealth.ThemajorityoftheparametershaveapeakingconcentrationinMay,whereasotherseithershowsignificanttemporalvariationovertheentireperiodorremainrelativelyconstantinallfourmonths.Correlationanalysisshowsthatsomeparameters(pH,TandB)havenosignificantcorrelationwithothers,whereassignificantpositivecorrelationwasfoundforSrwithECandTDS,forCIwithTDS,forSi02withTPandforNO3-NwithTNandasignificantnegativecorrelationbetweenSO4andBa.Accordingtoprincipalcomponentanalysis,60.108%ofthetotaldataisrepresentedbydominantsolutes,andthesecondprincipalcomponentwithapercentageof31.876comprisesparametersrelatedtonitrogen.Subsequentclusteranalysisofparametersidentifiedfourgroups,whichrepresentdifferentcompositions,andsamplesinMaydifferfromothers.

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简介：Theraredepositionofwaterresourcesconflictswithitslimitlessdemand.Thisdeterminedtheexistenceofthewaterfightstransactionsystem.Theimplementationofthewaterfightstransactionsystemrequiresclarifyingthedefinitionofwaterre-sourcerightabovealldistinctly.Atpresent,itisakindofcommonrightsystemarrangementwhichneedstheChinesegovernmenttodisposeofwaterresources.Thoughaseriesofmanagementsys-temsguaranteedthegovernment'ssupplyofwaterresource,ithinderedthedevelopmentofthewatermarketseriouslyandcausedtheutilizationofwaterresourcestostayintheinefficientorlowefficientstateforalongtime.Thus,weshouldchangethegovernment'sleadingroleintheresourcedistributionandreallyrelyonthemarkettocarryonthewaterfightstradeandtransac-tion.Inthisway,thewaterrightscouldbecomeakindofprivatepropertyfightrelatively,andcirculatefreelyinthemarket.Asaresultofthis,weshouldovercomethedefectsofcommonfight,makeitsexternalperformanceinternalizedmaximallyandachievetheoptimizedwaterresourcedispositionanduseitmoreeffec-tively.

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简介：Alongwiththeprogressofurbanizationandenviron-mentaldeterioration,residents’desireforimprovedairqualityisincreasing.Inordertoquantifyanindividual’swillingness-to-pay(WTP)forimprovedairqualityinJinanofeasternChina,acontingentvaluationmethod(CVM)wasemployed.Asampleof1,500residentswaschosenonthebasisofmultistagesamplingmethodswithface-to-faceinterviewsbyusingaseriesofhypo-thetical,open-endedscenarioquestionswhichweredesignedtoelicittherespondents’WTP.Resultsshowedthat59.7%ofrespondentswereabletoexpresstheirWTPandthemeanWTPis100ChineseYuan(CNY)perpersonperyear.AprobitmodelontheprobabilityofapositiveWTPandaregressionmodelweredevelopedtofindtherelationshipbetweenendogenousvariablesandWTP.Mostparametersintheeconometricanalysishadtheexpectedsign.AnnualhouseholdincomeandexpenditureontreatingrespiratorydiseasessignificantlyinfluenceWTP.TheratesofpositiveWTPandthemonetaryamountarelargerformenthanforwomen.Resultsalsoshowedthatpeoplewholivedinmorepollutedareaswerewillingtopaymoreforcleanair.Unlikedevelopedcountries,cleanairmayonlybeconsideredasapublicgoodinChinainthatmorethan40%ofrespondentshadnoincen-tivetobearthecostsofattemptingtoachievebetterairquality,whichindicatestherelativelylowenvironmentalconsciousness.

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简介：Thenaturalsupplyoflandresourcesislimited,buttheeconomicsupplymaychangealongwithsocialandeconomicdevelopment,anditssizeisdecidedbyenatureandsocialandeconomicbodyconditions.Whenthesupplyingabilityoflandresourcesthreatensthedevelopmentofsocietyandtheconflictbetweenpeopleandlandbecomestense,itforcedpeopletoim-provelandutilizationandtoincreasetheeffectivesupplyoflandresources.ThepapermadeanoverallconsiderationonthecharacteristicsoftheirrigatedfarmingandthefrailecologicalenvironmentinFuhaiCounty,AltayArea,XinjiangUigurAutonomousRegionandexploredlandarrangementplanningaswellaswaterresourceplanningandenvironmentalprotection.Thepaperevaluatednaturalresources,landutilizationandwaterresourceofthecasestudyareasandfocusedonthespatio-temporalbalancebetweentheutilizationofwaterandlandresources.Intheendthepaperafeasibleplanwasmadeoutforthelandarrangementproject.

简介：WiththerapiddevelopmentofforeigntradeinChina,industrialimportandexporthasbeenanabsolutesubjectinrecentyears.Thehugetradesurplusofimportandexporttradeofindustrialproductsbringsnotonlyhighprofits,butalsopollutioncostsaswell.Basedontheconceptofwaterpollutionfootprints(WPFs),thisstudyappliestheinput-outputmethodandcalculatespollutant-producingcoefficientsof20majorindustrialsectorsinChinaandinvestigatestheWPFscausedbytheimportandexporttradesoftheseindustrialsectors.TheresearchresultsshowthatWPFresultingfromexportsexceedsthatofimportsfrom2011to2015inChina.Thenetinflowofpollutionfootprintismainlyfrompapermills,printingandstationerymanufacturing,andtextileindustry;whereasagreatnumberofWPFsaretransferredtoothercountriesbythesesectors,suchasmetalmininganddressingindustryandoilandnaturalgasexploitationindustry.

简介：Watersavinganddevelopingwaterconservationsocietyarethetwokeystrategiesbothforwisewaterallocationandsustainableutilization.Thepaperanalysestheconnotationofwatersavingandwaterconservationsociety.Essentially,watersavingmeansfreeingupwaterfromnon-beneficialusesandprovidingittosomemoreproductiveuses.Basicprinciplesforsettingindicatorarepresentedbyprovidingefficientuseofwater,consideringsocialissuesandecologicalprotection.Anintegratedassessingwatersavingsystemaimingatmoresustainableandefficientconsumptionisgivenconsideringunbalancedsocialandeconomicdevelopmentinregionsandbasins.Thehierarchyindicatorsystemprovidesqualifiedtoolstothepracticeofwaterconservationandevaluatesthevalueforwaterconservationsocietyconstruction.

简介：BasedonananalysisofmajorrecentsocialeventsinChina,suchasthe2008BeijingOlympicGames,2010ShanghaiWorldExpo,2014NanjingYouthOlympicGames,and2014BeijingAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationConference,mandatory,temporary,andindemnificatoryquantitativepoliciesaimedatprotectingairquality,whichwerecarriedoutbybothcentralandlocalgovernments,madesubstantialcontributionstochangesandimprovementsinairquality.Tosomeextent,thefindingsshowthatcommandandcontrolmeasuresplayasignificantroleinprotectingairquality,whilethelawandeconomicandvoluntaryenvironmentalsafeguardmeasuresdonotduringmajorsocialevents.Therefore,itremindsustheairqualitycouldandwillimprovenotonlyduringmajorsocialeventsbutalsointheregulardaysifweimplementappropriateenvironmentalpoliciesandsafeguardmeasures.

简介：Waterpollutionisoneofthemajorenvironmentalproblems,especiallyinurbanareas.Duetorapidurbanexpansionandindustrialization,waterpollutioninZhengzhouCity,thecapitalofHenanProvinceincentralChinahasbecomeaseriousproblemforitsdevelopment.Inthisstudy,thesurfacewaterqualitywasevaluatedusingNemerowComprehensivePollutionIndex(NCPI),andthechangetrendwascalculatedusingmethodsofMann-KendalltestandSen’sslopeestimator,basedonthemonitoringdatafrom1998to2008.TheresultsshowthattheNCPIrangedfrom3to50in70%ofthemonitoringcases,implyingthatmostriverswereseriouslypolluted.However,thisseriouspolltuonisexpectedtobegraduallyimproved,astheconcentrationofwaterpollutantsandNCPIdeclinedsignificantlyinmostrivers.Waterpollutioninreservoirswasmuchlowerthanrivers,andtheNCPIinthethreemonitoredreservoirswaslowerthan3inmostyears,andshowsadownwardtrend.Althoughthesurfacewaterqualitywasgraduallyimproved,greateffortsarestillneededtoenhancetheprotectionandimprovementofsurfacewaterenvironment.

简介：XiliaoheRiverwatershedplaysanimportantroleinregionalandnationalgrainsecurity.Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy,waterconsumptionthatincreaseddramaticallycauseswatershortages.Cropwaterrequirementcanprovidequantitativebasisformakingregionalirrigationscheme.Inthisstudy,springmaizewaterrequirementiscalculatedbyusingPenmanMonteithformulaandspringmaizecoefficientfromMaytoSeptemberat10meteorologicalstationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershedfrom1951to2005.Thevariationtrendofthespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstage,waterrequirementineverymonth,andmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareobtainedbyusingMann-Kendallmethod,andthedegreeofgreyincidencebetweenthewaterrequirementandmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareshown.TheresultsarethespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstagesincreasesathalfofthestationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershed,andareremarkablyaffectedbythewaterrequirementinMay.Themonthlymean,maximumandminimumairtemperatureformMaytoSeptembershowanincreasingtrendinXiliaoheRiverwatershedinrecent55years.Themonthlymeanandminimumairtemperatureincreasesnotably.Therelativehumidity,precipitation,windspeedandsunshineshowadecreasingtrendwithvarietyfordifferentmonths.Themonthlymaximumairtemperature,windspeed,sunshineandmonthlymeanairtemperaturehavethehighestcorrelationdegreewithspringmaizewaterrequirementfromMaytoSeptember.

简介：Understandingtheconnotationandprinciplesofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisthebasisandguaranteeforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismofwatersourcereserveareas.First,thispaperreviewsthethreestagesofecologicalcompensationresearchprogress.Basedonthereview,usingthetheoryofexternality,theecologicalenvironmentsystemofwatersourcereserveareasisthenanalyzed.Thispaperarguesthattheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisakindofinstitutionalarrangement,whichisdesignedtointernalizeexternalities.Finally,basedontheunderstandingoftheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareas,fiveprinciplesforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismareproposed,includingtheprincipleoffairnessandjustice,theprincipleofequivalenceofequalityandresponsibility,theprincipleofflexibilityandeffectiveness,theprincipleof'earmarkfunds,andimplementationbylaw,'andtheprincipleofgovernmentcompensationsupplementedwithmarketcompensation.

简介：Sinceconventionalwatertreatmentisnotaffordableindevelopingcountries,lookingforlocallyavailableandalternativetreatmentoptionsismandatory.Removaloffluorideandphosphatecanbeachievedbydesigningappropriatefiltrationmediafromdifferentmaterialssuchassand,calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonechar.ThisstudywasdesignedtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyoftheselocallyavailablefiltermediawithrespecttodetentiontimeandpH.Thefiltrationapparatuses(tank)werefilledseparatelywithstone,gravelwithgrainsize0.6-4.75mmand40cmdeep,sand(ES=0.15-0.35mmandUC=1.5-3),calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonecharwithgrainsize0.25-0.5inch.Watersampleswerepreparedusingglassbottleswithfluorideconcentrationsof6and8mg/landphosphateconcentrationof4mg/1.Laboratoryanalysiswascarriedoutbeforeandafterfiltrationtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyofeachmedium.Itwasfoundthatthehighestremovaloffluoridewasachievedbybonechar(89.65%),followedbypumice(82.4%).However,bonecharhasratherincreasedtheconcentrationofphosphateby63.8%.Sandwasthemostefficientmediatoremovephosphate,managingtoremoveby70%.Therefore,itisanattractiveoptiontousetheselocallyavailable,environmentalfriendlyandappropriatetechnologiesforefficientremovalofbothfluorineandphosphateatthehouseholdorcommunitywatertreatmentlevel.

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简介：ThispaperexaminesthelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedinRwanjabaLakeshoreCommunityduringtheperiodoflowwaterlevelinLakeVictoriabetween2004and2007andidentifiesthelivelihoodcopingstrategiesthatwereadoptedtoaddressthem.Atotalof55householdswererandomlysampledandthedatacollectionmethodsincludedhouseholdquestionnairesandparticipantobservations.ThedatawereanalyzedusingtheStatisticalPackageforSocialScience(SPSS)andtheresultspresentedwiththehelpofdescriptivestatistics.Thelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedduringthelowlakewaterlevelincludedfishshortage(34.5%),householdfoodscarcity(23.6%),sexforfish(18.2%),familybreakdown(12.7%),increasedtheft(7.2%)andaccidentsduetotheexposedrocksinthelake(3.6%).Thelivelihoodcopingstrategiesadoptedtoredressthechallengesincludedcausallabour(32.7%),maizeroasting(23.6%),sandmining(18.2%),sellingofsnacks(12.7%),sellinghouseholdproperty(9.1%)andresortingshopandmarketcredits(3.6%).Thepaperproposesanumberofrecommendationsforimprovingthelivelihoodofthecommunityrangingfrompolicyreformstothediversificationofactivities.

简介：Sincethe1990s,theYellowRiverstreamhasbeentemporarilyinterruptedforseveralyears,whichaffectsthedevelopmentofsociety,theeconomyandhumanlife,limitstheeconomicpotentialofthedrainageareas,andespeciallycausesgreatharmtoregionsonthelowerreaches.Basedontheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomyandwaterscarcity,theauthorthinksitisnecessarytooptimizeandadjusttheindustrialstructurethathasextravagantlyconsumedenormousamountsofwater,andtodevelopecologicalagriculture,industryandtourismwhicharebalancedwiththeecologicalenvironment.Finally,theauthorputsforwardseveralpiecesofadviceandcountermeasuresabouthowtobuildtheeconomicsystemsbywhichwatercanbeusedeconomically.

简介：Theprotectionofdrinkingwatersourcesisvitaltourbandevelopmentandpublichealth.Inthisstudy,thecurrentsituationofthemandatoryprotectionareafordrinkingwatersourceinthePearlRiverDeltaregionwasinvestigatedusingamethodcombiningGoogleEarthwiththefieldsurvey.Thegapsbetweenmanagementpracticesandlegislationrequirementswereanalyzed.Finally,severalcountermeasuresforwaterresourceprotectionwereproposedasfollows:topromotedelineationinamorescientificway,tosafeguardthesanctityofthelaw,tomakebetterplanonwatersaving,andtoencouragepublicparticipationinsupervisionandmanagement.