简介：法国的权力下放改革于1981年通过立法，使得相当多的城市规划和管理责任转移到地方政府、市议会和大都市区理事会。

简介：如果没有亲自到过荷兰，你不会深切体会到荷兰乡村景观的独特魅力，也许没有一个国家像荷兰那样，把乡村规划看得如此重要，而且有专门的乡村规划和设计部门，也许这就是荷兰独特的乡村景观成功的原因之一。当然，荷兰之所以把乡村设计看得如此之重，还是与荷兰的地质条件有关的，荷兰王国的正式国名是“KingdomofNerherlend”，其中“Nerheriard”在荷兰语意为“低地”的意思，这个名称，倒是如实地反映了这个国家的地理特征。

简介：

简介：在8月12日星期六的国际青年日当天，联合国人居署呼吁决策者和公众让青年人作为主要利益相关者和参与者投身于未来世界的可持续发展特别是城镇的可持续发展之中。

简介：Thepurposeofthepresentthemepaperistoconsiderhowapproachestourbandevelopmenthaveevolvedovertime,andmostrecentlywiththeadventoftheabove-mentionedinternationalconcernforurbanpovertyreduction.Specifically,howlocalactors,includinggovernmentsatalllevels,non-governmentalorganizations,professionalsandpeoplelivingandworkinginslums,haveattemptedtoimprovecitiesandurbancentresinwaysthatarefavourabletotheurbanpoor.Foreaseofanalysis,thepaperconsiderstwoelementsofurbandevelopment-urbanmanagementandshelterstrategies.Chapteronebeginswithareviewoftheevolutionofurbanplanningandmanagementapproaches,frommasterplanstopro-poorurbangovernance.Chaptertwoexaminestheevolutionofshelterstrategies,fromdirectgovernmentsupplytoanemphasisonsecurityoftenureforthepoor.Someofthekeylessonslearnedfrombothapproachesaresummarizedinchapterthree.Examplesofcurrentinnovationsinapproachestourbanpovertyreductionaredescribedinchapterfour,lookingatcontributionsatthelocal,nationalandinternationallevels.

简介：园林展在中国还是一个新生事物．大多数人，包括专业人员对它都不太了解，《景观设计》杂志这期专题将有助于大家获得更多关于园林展的信息，从而更好地理解园林展及其意义。

简介：

简介：TheSpanishhousingcooperativesaretemporaryorganizationsaimingatbuildinghomesfortheirmemberswiththehelpofprofessionalagentstoensureapricewhichcoversonlytheactualcosts,withoutanyprofitoftheprivatedevelopmentcompanyand,consequentlyalowerpricethanthemarketprice,andaffordableforthepeople.HousesproducedincooperativeregimeconstituteaconsiderablepartofthesubsidizedhousinginSpain,whicharegradedintothreecategoriesaccordingtotheratioofthebeneficiary'sincometotheminimumwage.Theirpercentageintheoverallhousesbuilthasalsobeenincreasinginrecentyears.Thereasonofthegrowthliesnotonlyinitscostefficiencybutalsoinsomeotheradvantagesincludingthesocialcohesionoftheuserswhohaveorganizedthemselvesinthisregime.Theauthorgivesanexampleofthe"L'illa"buildingtodemonstratetheseadvantages.

简介：