简介：TheassociationbetweenthelunarphasesandtheatmosphericelectricfieldhasbeeninvestigatedfromthesuperposedepochanalysisofthelongseriesofcontinuousdataoftheverticalelectricfieldforColaba,Bombay(18°53’N,73°48’E11mASL)fortheperiod1947-1966.Alsotheperiodicitiesintheatmosphericelectricfieldhavebeenstudiedfromthespectralanalysisofthedata.Thestudyhasindicatedthatwhenthefullmooniswithin4oftheeclipticplanei.e.,Bf4°,theelectricfieldpeaksonthedayofthefullmoonfollowedbyasteepfallinthefieldvaluesupto4daysfollowingthefullmoondayandthereafteritshowedasteepincrease.Also,theelectricfieldhasexhibited5-9dayperiodicityanditsmultiplesarenearlyalwayspresent.Theperiodicityintheelectricfieldcorrespondswiththeaveragetimeintervalbetweenthesuccessivemagneticsectorboundary(MSB)crossingsi.e.,7days.Onmostoftheoccasions,theMSBcrossingdayisassociatedwithamaximumof

简介：在极的坐标并且与在热带气旋的包裹速度在线性变化并且表面压力的分发同意Fujita公式的想象基于原始方程，一套方程被导出，它描述中央压力的不安的影响，风地上的热带气旋的运动的热带气旋，方向和速度的位置。热带气旋的动能的第二顺序近似能被方程在线性近似下面描述，这被证明。台风Wipha(2007)被选择验证上述解释方法，并且结果证明风地的解释方法以前能给很好的结果乍见陆地热带气旋，当不做明显的改进在以后时乍见陆地。在这份报纸的动态解释方法对近改进热带气旋的风地的预报到海岸适用。

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简介：CH4emissionrateshavebeenmeasuredcontinuouslyfortheearlyriceof1988andlatericesof1987and1988duringentiregrowingseasonsinaricepaddyfieldinHangzhou,ZhejiangProvince,China,byusinganautomaticsamplingandanalyzingsystem.DuringmostpartsoftheseasonsCH4emissionratesshowedstrongdiurnalvariations.Bi-modepatternswiththehighestvalueintheafternoonandasecondpeakatmid-nightweregenerallyfoundfortheearlyrice,whilethehighestvalueswerealmostalwaysfoundinthenightforthelaterice.Bi-modepatternswithasecondpeakintheafternoonwerealsofoundduringthereproductivephaseofthelatericeplants.Thesediurnalvariationsmaybeexplainedbythediurnalvariationsofthesoiltemperatureandtheactivityofriceplants.Strongseasonalvariationswithonepeakinthetilleringstageandtwoduringthereproductivephaseofriceplantswereobservedforallthethreegrowingseasons.Theseasonalvariationsmaybeexplainedbytheactivityofriceplants,availabilityoforganicsubstratesinthesoil,andtheactivityofsoilbacteriarelatedtosoiltemperatures,FertilizationdidnotshowsignificanteffectsonthetotalseasonalCH4emissionsbutslightlychangedthepatternoftheseasonalvariationsoftheCH4emissionrates.Averagedoverthemeasuringperiodsand8spots,CH4emissionratesof7.8mgm-2h-1fortheearlyriceand28.6mgm-2h-1forthelatericewereobtained.Basedonthesemeasureddata,thetotalglobalemissionofCH4fromricepaddiesisestimatedtobeabout90Tg/yrrangingfrom70to110,accountingfor20%ofthetotalsourceofCH4.

简介：TheSimplifiedSimpleBiospheremodel(SSiB)isvalidatedinoff-linesimulationsagainstfieldmeasurementsinthesummerof2001fromtheChinaHeavyRainfallExperimentandStudy(CHeRES)overagrasslandsitelocatedinthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Wheninitializedanddrivenbytheobservedatmosphericforcing,themodelreproducedtheobservedsurfaceheatfluxesandsurfaceskintemperaturerealistically.Themodelwasalsoabletowellsimulatethevariationofsoilwatercontent.Thesensitivityexperimentsfoundthattheleafreflectancewasthemostsignificantparameterinimprovingtheestimationofsurfacealbedoduringbothwetanddryperiods.Thisstudysuggeststhatthemodeliscapableofsimulatingthephysicalprocessesandofassessingtheimpactofbiophysicalparametersthatrelatetoland-atmosphereinteractionsovertheeasternAsianmonsoonregions,whichiscrucialformesoscaleatmosphericmodels.

简介：Inthispaper,theeddycoefficientandthetreatmentfordividinglayersofEstoque’snumericalmodelinmodernPBLdynamicshavebeenappliedtoderiveorder-zeroandorder-oneanalyticsolutionsoverlarge-scaletopography,thesolutionsareusedtoobtainthedivergenceandverticalvelocity,improvingthepreviousresults.

简介：Inthispaper,aprimitiveequationlinearwavemodelisusedtoexaminetheeffectsofthree-dimen-sionalstructureofheatingfieldonthebehaviorofstationaryplanetarywavesinsummerandtocomparetherolesofdifferentheatingfunctionsfortheformationandmaintenanceofsummermonsooncirculationinAsia.Itisshownthatthealoftheatingconnectedwiththelatentheating,especiallythedeepcondensationheatingassociatedwiththecumulusconvectioninlowlatitudes,playsacrucialpartintheAsiansummermon-soonandthestructuresofplanetarywaveresponsesarequitesensitivetotheverticaldistributionofheating.

简介：Basedontheresearchoftheconvectiveboundarylayer(CBL)temperaturefieldinaconvectivetank,thispaperstudiesthecharacteristicsoftheCBLvelocityfieldintheconvectivetank.Aluminiumpowder(400orders)isusedasatracerparticleintheapplicationoftheparticleimagevelocimetry(PIV)technique.Theexperimentdemonstrates:thevelocitydistributioninthemixedlayerclearlypossessesthecharacteristicsofCBLthermals;thevelocitydistributioninthetopzoneofthemixedlayershowsentrainmentlayercharacteristics;theverticaldistributionofturbulentcharacteristicvariablesisreasonable,whichissimilartofieldobservationsandothertankresults;theerroranalysisdemonstratesthevalidityofaluminiumpowder,whichimpliesthereliabilityoftheresults.

简介：在精力平衡实验期间，patch-to-patch灌溉在一块纵贯的面向的棉花地里在土壤潮湿产生了坡度。从相对干燥的在上游的补丁由于强壮的水平移流开发相对弄湿下游的补丁的内部边界层(IBL)与占优势的在北方的风联系了。这产生了多重尺寸的大旋涡，它在IBL在骚乱的结构上有重要影响。在IBL以内在二高度测量的风速度，温度，湿度，和精力流动的力量系列和cospectra被介绍并且过去常在表面层骚乱上调查IBL的影响。系列和cospectra被外部骚乱极大地在低频率提高。这些骚乱的山峰频率没随着高度变化。系列和cospectra典型地收敛了并且与在高频率的堪萨斯光谱平行(在惯性的子域)。当表面层是稳定的时，在水平风速度的系列的清楚的差距在中间的频率存在。结果显示在在上游的对流边界层发源的大旋涡在表面层骚乱的系列和cospectra上有可观的影响。这些大旋涡的影响更大(1)当IBL比IBL什么时候没存在在近的表面层是开发得好的时，(2)在比在底层高级，并且(3)当大气的表面层(ASL)比ASL什么时候是稳定的不稳定时。这些大旋涡的长度规模与在实验地点的表面异质的主导的规模一致。

简介：Themacroandmicrocloudphysicsstructuresandtheirevolutionwithtimearethecoreofdescribingcloudfieldsinessence.Theyarenecessaryatmosphericenvironmentnotonlyinaviationandspaceflightactivitiesbutalsoforatmos-phericradiationtransferandacidrainformationresearch.Unfortunatelyitisdifficulttoobtainanentireenvironmentalcloudfieldbyusingobservationmethodsdirectly.Thus,byuseofcomputationphysicsmethodtobuildacloud-systemmodelmaybeanindispensablewayforthistopic.Thispaperpresentedacloud-systemmodelforthisgoal,andsimu-latedarealcase.Theresultsofcomputationshowedthatthemacrostructureofthecloudfieldwasbetterconsistentwithrealobservation,andthemicrostructurewasfairlyreasonable.Theoutputofmodelcouldprovidealltheinformationaboutthecloudfield:(1)size-distributionspectrumofhydrometeorparticles(point),(2)verticalprofile(line),(3)hori-zontalorverticalsectionofmacroandmicroparameters(surface),and(4)cloudcover,patternofcloudandconfigura-tionofcloud,etc.(body).

简介：在极的坐标系统和适当假设基于barotropic原语方程，我们获得了在统一集体空气上的山论的强迫的数学方程包裹。与海和陆地的摩擦应力的考虑，假定在热带气旋的包裹速度在线性变化并且表面压力的分发是圆形的，一套方程被导出，它描述山论的斜坡错误的影响，在热带气旋的风领域上的热带气旋的中央压力误差和位置误差。台风Wipha(2007)被选择验证上述解释方法。结果证明气旋的山论的斜坡，摩擦系数，紧张和位置是在热带气旋的风信息的解释上有大影响的重要因素。动态解释方法给很好的结果，特别为沿海的区域。它对在热带气旋改进风地的预报适用。

简介：Dopplerweatherradarcanprovidethewindinformationsuchastheradialvelocity,andhasbecomeoneofthemostpowerfulmeansforstudiesofseveremesoscaleandmicroscaleweathersystems.Usuallytheradarobservationprovidesonlyplanepositionindicator(PPI)scanningdataandrangeheightindicator(RHI)scanningdata.andthismakessomeretrievalmethodsusingthree-dimensionalvolumescanningdataimpracticalinoperation.Inordertousethesedatamoreefficiently,aplaneassimilationretrieval(PAR)methodisdevelopedusingdataassimilationtechniqueonthePPIscanningplane.ThePARmethodistestedwiththeobservationdataofChineseAcademyofMeteorologicalSciences(CAMS)Dopplerweatherradarandtheresultisencouraging.

简介：一个微弱地联合的吸收系统，在SST，观察通过一个整体被吸收进acoupled气候模型(CASESM-C)最佳的插值计划，被建立。这个系统是为历史的气候模拟的一个有用工具，显示出实质的优点，包括维持大气的反馈，并且阻止海洋的地远漂流离开观察，在其它之中。在联合模型集成期间，在分析的表面和表面下的海洋的地的偏爱能与unassimilated地相比被减少。从系统，气候学和气候系统的interannual可变性基于输出的30模型年被评估。结果证明系统罐头相当复制climatological全球降水和SLP，但是它仍然受不了双ITCZ问题。而且，ENSO脚印，它被ENSO相关的表面空气温度，geopotential高度和降水在ElNi期间揭示?o进化，被系统基本上复制。系统能也在西方的诺思太平洋区域，大气的反馈为气候模拟在是关键的在interannual和intraseasonaltimescales上模仿观察SST降雨关系很好。

简介：ＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＷＩＮＤＦＩＥＬＤＦＲＯＭＳＩＮＧＬＥ－ＤＯＰＰＬＥＲＲＡＤＡＲＲＨＩＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＰｅｎｇＨｏｎｇ（彭红）ａｎｄＧｅＲｕｎｓｈｅｎｇ（葛润生）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｓｏｓｃａｌｅＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌ...

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简介：当西方的和平的副热带的高度很快向西加强并且延长时，下降并且分叉的运动引起低级循环很快变弱以便乍见陆地TC将在短距离以后腐烂。副热带的高度什么时候变弱，登上并且收敛动人的向南方的运动并且与西的马槽东方的撤退将很长时间加强或维持低压的循环并且TC将盖住长土地距离。

简介：Inthispaper,theconceptofstationary-wavenonstationarityispresentedandelucidatedintheframeworkoftheLorenzcirculationdecomposition.Thisconceptindicatestherelativemagnitudeofthezonalnonuniformabnormitytotheintensityofstationarywavesonthemonthlymeanscale.BasedontheLorenzcirculationdecomposition,thenonstationaritydegreeI_(us)(I_(us)~1)oftheglobal(local)stationarywavesisdefined,andthenusedtoanalyzethestationary-wavenonstationarityat30°-60°N,wheretheintensityofstationarywavesat500hPaintheNorthernHemisphere,asiswellknown,isveryhigh.Thefollowingfindingsareobtained:(1)Thereexistseasonalsouthwardandnorthwardmovementsinthepositionofthenonstationarityzonesoftheglobalstationarywaves.Thesteadystationarywavesoccurinmidlatitudes(35°-55°N)inwinterandinthesubtropicalregion(southof35°N)insummer,associatedwiththemajortroughsoverEastAsiaandNorthAmericaandtheweakEuropeantroughinwinter,andwiththerelativelysteadysubtropicalhighsysteminsummer.AhighvaluecenterofI_(us)isat35°Ninspringand50°Ninsummer,whichmightbecausedbytheseasonalvariationofstationary-waveintensity,particularlyinassociationwiththeinterannualvariabilityoftrough/ridgepositionsofstationarywavesonthemonthlymeanmaps.(2)ThereexistsobviousasymmetryinI_(us)~1,withthesteadyzonesalwayslocatedintheareascontrolledbystrongtroughs/ridgesandtheunsteadyonesintheareaswherethestationary-waveintensityislow.TheI_(us)~1inthesubtropics(southof35°N)islargerinwinterthaninsummer,andviceversainthemidlatituderegion(northof35°N).ThesummertimedistributionofI_(us)~1onthewholeshowsarathercomplicatedstructure.However,NorthEuropeisthemostunsteadyareaforlocalstationarywaves,asrepresentedbyhighvaluesofI_(us)~1inbothsummerandwinter,whileovertheNorthAmericancontinent(about120°E-60°W),theI_(us)~1isslightlylessthan1

简介：BasedontheNCEP/NCARreanalysisIdailydatafrom1958to2002,climaticcharacteristicsofthe30-60-dayintraseasonaloscillations(ISOs)ofthezonalwind(u),meridionalwind(v),andgeopotentialheight(h)overglobalareasandespeciallytheISOofvoverthesubtropicalnorthernPacificareanalyzedusingthespace-timespectrumanalysisandwavelettransformmethods.TheresultsshowthattheISOofvisverydifferentfromthoseofuandh,withtheformerrepresentingthemeridionallow-frequencydisturbances,whicharethemostactiveinthesubtropicsandmid-highlatitudes,butveryweakinthetropics.InthesubtropicalNorthernHemisphere,theenergiesoftheISOsofuandharebothconcentratedonthewaveswithwavenumberof1andperiodsof30-60days,whilethemainenergyoftheISOofvisconcentratedonthewaveswithwavenumbersof4-6andperiodsof30-60and70-90days.Thewestwardpropagatingenergiesforthe30-60-dayoscillationsofu,v,andhareallstrongerthantheeastwardpropagatingenergiesinthesubtropics.Inaddition,theISOofvisthestrongest(weakest)insummer(winter)overthesubtropicsofEastAsiaandnorthwesternPacific,whilethesituationisreversedoverthesubtropicalnortheasternPacific,revealinga'seesaw'oftheISOintensitywithseasonsoverthesubtropicsfromthenorthwesterntonortheasternPacific.InthesubtropicalnorthwesternPacific,theinterannualandinterdecadalchangesoftheISOforvat850hPaindicatethatitsactivitiesaresignificantlystrongduring1958-1975,whileobviouslyweakduring1976-1990,andarethestrongestduring1991-2000,anditsspectralenergyisobviouslyabnormalbutrulelessduringtheENSOperiods.However,inthe2-7-yrbandpassfilteringseries,theinterannualchangesofthevISOoverthesubtropicalnorthwesternPacificcontaindistinctENSOsignals.Andinthe9-yrlow-passfilteringseries,thevISOchangesoverthesubtropicalnorthwesternPacificaresignificantlyoutofphasewiththechangesoftheNino-3.4SST,