简介：Webuiltathree-dimensionalmodeltosimulatethedisturbanceofthestressfieldnearthereversefaultinZhaziao,LeyiTownshipowingtohydraulicfracturing.Theporepressure,andshearandnormalstressesduringfracturingareanalyzedindetail.Inputrockmechanicsparametersaretakenfromlaboratorytestdataofshalesamplesfromthestudyarea.Thesimulationresultssuggestthatafter16hoursoffluidinjection,thepore-pressurevariationcanactivatethereversefault,i.e.,weobservereverseslip,andtheshearstressanddisplacementonthefaultplaneincreasewithtime.Thebiggeststress–strainchangeoccursafteronehouroffluidinjectionandtheyieldpointappearsabout0.5hafterinjection.Toobservethestressevolutionineachsection,thenormaldisplacementontheboundaryisconstrainedandthefaultplaneissetasnonpermeable.Thus,theslidingislimitedandthesheardisplacementisonlyinthescaleofmillimeters,andthecalculatedmagnitudeoftheinducedearthquakesisbetweenMw-3.5andMw-0.2.Thesimulationresultssuggestthatfluidwaterinjectionresultsininhomogeneousfracturing.Themainrupturedareasarearoundtheinjectionpositions,whereastheextentofrupturingandcracksinotherareasarerelativelysmall.Nevertheless,nonnegligiblefaultactivationisrecorded.Sensitivityanalysisofthekeyparameterssuggeststhattheporepressureismostsensitivetothemaximumunbalancedforceandtheinternalfrictionanglestronglyaffectsthefaultslip.Finally,thecomparisonbetweentheeffectivenormalstressandthemaximumandminimumprincipalstressesonthefaultplaneexplainsthefaultinstability,i.e.,theMohrcirclemovestowardstheleftwithdecreasingradiusreducesandintersectsthecriticalslipenvelope,andcausesthefaulttoslip.

简介：Finite-difference(FD)methodsarewidelyusedinseismicforwardmodelingowingtotheircomputationalefficiencybutarenotreadilyapplicabletoirregulartopographies.Thus,severalFDmethodsbasedonthetransformationtocurvilinearcoordinatesusingbody-fittedgridshavebeenproposed,e.g.,standstaggeredgrid(SSG)withinterpolation,nonstaggeredgrid,rotatedstaggeredgrid(RSG),andfullystaggered.TheFDbasedontheRSGissomewhatsuperiortoothersbecauseitsatisfiesthespatialdistributionofthewaveequationwithoutadditionalmemoryandcomputationalrequirements;furthermore,itissimplertoimplement.WeusetheRSGFDmethodtotransformthefirstorderstress–velocityequationinthecurvilinearcoordinatessystemandintroducethehighprecisionadaptive,unilateralmimeticfinite-difference(UMFD)methodtoprocessthefreeboundaryconditionsofanirregularsurface.Thenumericalresultssuggestthattheprecisionofthesolutionishigherthanthatofthevacuumformalism.Whentheminimumwavelengthislow,UMFDavoidsthesurfacewavedispersion.WecompareFDmethodsbasedonRSG,SEM,andnonstaggeredgridandinferthatallsimulationresultsareconsistentbutthecomputationalefficiencyoftheRSGFDmethodishigherthantherest.

简介：Anewmulti-moderesistivityimagingsonde,withtoroidalcoilsassource,canconductthreeresistivitymeasurements:azimuthalresistivity,lateralresistivity,andbitresistivitymeasurements.Thus,theloggingtimeandcostaregreatlysaved.Thetoroidalcoilsaresimplifiedasanextendedvoltagedipoleandtheresponseequationsarederivedforahomogenousformation.Basedon3DFEM,thedepthofinvestigation(DOI),verticalresolution,circumferentialazimuthalcapacity,boreholediameter,mudresistivity,thicknessoftargetformation,andtheresistivityofthesurroundingformationandmudinvasionaresimulated.TheresultssuggestthatthethreemeasurementmodesofthenewsondearedifferentinverticalresolutionsandDOIs.Thecircumferentialdetectionabilityoftheazimuthbuttondependsonthecontrastbetweentheanomalyandformationresistivityandtheopenangleoftheanomaly.Whethertheboreholeistruncatedatthebitornothasagreatinfluenceonthesimulationresults.Theboreholeandmudinvasionaffecttheapparentresistivityinallmodes,buttheeffectsofresistivityofsurroundingformationandthicknessofthetargetformationareonlycorrectedforlateralresistivitymeasurement.